I Know What You Ate This Summer

Despite active foodstagramming and foodteresting, and eagerness to show pictures of meals and diet reports to friends on social media, we don't really want others to know everything we eat. But they might know anyway.

Why worry about NSA, when Google, Facebook, Amazon and many others know what we might be eating. Cameras record our ways to groceries and restaurants, credit cards record our purchases, food chains know our weaknesses, clothes shops know how, as a result, our pant sizes change over time. One day phones will know what we ate too.  As both short- and long-term diets change our breath-prints - creating signature metabolites in exhaled breath.

A recent Dutch study actually looked at what gluten-free eating does to our breath. Just 4 week of dieting lead to remarkable - though reversible -  differences. (As detected in 20 healthy individuals by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TD-GC-tof-MS) in combination with chemometric analysis ). A set of twelve volatile compounds that distinguish gluten-free eaters along with information from Aurametrix knowledgebase is listed in the table below.

Compound	Odor	Notes
2-butanol	strong alcoholic	1-Butanol smells like permanent marker (Sharpie)
octane	Gasoline-like, car exhaust	octyl chloride smells faintly of oranges
2-propyl-1 pentanol	green banana	1-Pentanol smells like paint thinner
nonanal	strong fruity or floral	attracts mosquitoes
dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone	strong coconut aroma	5-butyl-4-methyloxolan-2-one is known as "whisky lactone"
nonanoic acid	rancid beer, old cooking oil	armpits of males over 30
dodecanal	Soapy, waxy, aldehydic, citrus, orange rindy with floral nuances	Pure, synthetic qualities of this fatty aldehyde are used in traces in perfumery for "fresh laundry"-like effects.

Reference

Baranska A, Tigchelaar E, Smolinska A, Dallinga JW, Moonen EJ, Dekens JA, Wijmenga C, Zhernakova A, & van Schooten FJ (2013). Profile of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath changes as a result of gluten-free diet. Journal of breath research, 7 (3) PMID: 23774130

When it Smells Like Team Spirit

Why do we connect and collaborate, deciding to "walk in the light of creative altruism" instead of the "darkness of destructive selfishness"?

Is it because of subtle behavioral clues that make us "click" and consider the other person a part of the group? Or is it because it smells like team spirit?

It very well might be. We (literally) smell love, victory, fear, along with chemicals that motivate us to cooperate. As was recently shown in double-blind placebo-controlled studies that quantitatively measured generosity and cooperation. Androstadienone, a rather unpleasant smelling molecule abundant in male sweat could make us more cooperative and more likely to think of the other person as "one of us". This molecule, created from male sex hormone testosterone possibly with the help of coryneform bacteria living under arms, was previously shown to have an effect on women - depending on social context and the time in their menstrual cycle. Even though androstadienone does not smell particularly plaasant - rather musky, with subtle urine-like and alcohol notes - merely smelling it is sufficient to maintain high levels of energy-boosting hormone cortisol  - possibly by inhibiting an enzyme (the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 aka 11β-HSD1) responsible for its reactivation from cortisone.

Androstadienone

Androstadienone is related to another steroid estratetraenol found in the urine of pregnant women. Both molecules in large concentrations can affect mood -  improving it in females (also increasing their feeling of being focused and sensitivity to pain) while suppressing males. High testosterone males might even get depressed. So it might not be a good idea to sweat too much, but the right amount of sweating is actually helpful. If you are a male. When it comes to men deciding to cooperate with women, chemistry alone is less helpful. As in the old monkey experiment (Michael and Zumpe, 1982) where the best female strategy was to block male's access to other female monkeys. So, don't sweat it ladies. Just be dominant.

REFERENCES

Huoviala P, & Rantala MJ (2013). A Putative Human Pheromone, Androstadienone, Increases Cooperation between Men. PloS one, 8 (5) PMID: 23717389

Lundström JN, Hummel T, & Olsson MJ (2003). Individual differences in sensitivity to the odor of 4,16-androstadien-3-one. Chemical senses, 28 (7), 643-50 PMID: 14578126

 Michael RP, Zumpe D.  (1982) Influence of olfactory signals on the reproductive behaviour of social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Endocrinol. 95(2):189-205. PMID: 7175415

Inhale and feel it with your heart

All you need is love. Or failing that chocolate.
And not only because dark chocolate could lower the risk of heart disease, blood pressure and sugar levels. As Dr. Schieberle's team recently discovered that heart could sense and enjoy the sweet smell of chocolate too. When they put small odor-emitting molecules from chocolate on one side of a dish, cells actually moved towards the aroma.

The heart, the lungs, the blood, the sperm and testis all have the abilities to recognize chemicals responsible for smells. Genomic studies (Deldmesser et al, 2006) showed that many tissues have working genes responsible for the perception of flavors. Sperm of sea urchines is able to recognize the odor and swim toward the egg. Human sperm might very well be capable of "smelling" their way to the egg too. And white blood cells sense the odors of bacteria to rush to the site of infection in the wound. Unfortunately, cancer cells can also sense their way out of the tumor in the direction of blood vessels, leading to metastasis. Smells can guide social preferences, trigger positive or negative memories, help to lose weight, reduce anxiety or give you nightmares. Smells can make or brake, kill or heal. They can have therapeutic or diagnostic use helping to understand gene-environment health paradigms and paving new avenues for future health care strategies.

REFERENCES

Feldmesser E, Olender T, Khen M, Yanai I, Ophir R, & Lancet D (2006). Widespread ectopic expression of olfactory receptor genes. BMC genomics, 7 PMID: 16716209

Schieberle P, & Molyneux RJ (2012). Quantitation of sensory-active and bioactive constituents of food: A Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry perspective. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60 (10), 2404-8 PMID: 22369090

Schieberle P., Do cells in the blood, heart and lungs smell the food we eat? 245th  Chemistry of Energy and Food, National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, New Orleans, LA, April 7-11, 2013

Odors and Infections

Many illnesses are associated with distinct odors. Especially those caused by infectious or opportunistic microbes inside the body or on its surfaces.  Body odor of someone infected with C. difficile, for example, can appear "swampy", Rotavirus gives sharply sweet putrid smell that some people associate with wet dogs. H. pylori can create a range of foul odors, and pseudomonas infections can smell like grapes and bitter almonds. 

Infections like C. difficile are usually linked to a general imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, often referred to as dysbiosis. This means that the odors could be coming from several microbial species, hence could be different for different individuals. Does it mean odor-based diagnostics will never be enough specific?

Not according to a 2-year-old beagle from Netherland, named Cliff. After just a little over two months of training, the beagle learned to identify the C. diff toxin by sniffing people or their samples. During one test, he was able to identify 25 out of 30 infected patients and 265 of 270 non-infected individuals. He also correctly identified 50 of 50 C. diff positive stool samples and 47 of 50 samples from people that did not have this infection. That's sensitivity of 100% for samples and 83-93% for sniffing the air around the patients, and a specificity of 94-100%! And it took him less than 10 minutes to accurately perform 300 diagnostic tests.  

Dogs already do the dirty work with detecting molds. They can examine an office building with 200 rooms in just 8 hours, a task that would take us several days of measuring  moisture, probably without any result. Electronic noses would be of great help and many years of research are finally being translated into useful technologies - to be integrated with refrigerators and mobile phones. But until we are able to build smart devices to detect odors without labor-intensive dog training, perhaps we could train our own nozzles. Studies have shown we do get better with practice. 


REFERENCES

Bomers MK, van Agtmael MA, Luik H, van Veen MC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, & Smulders YM (2012). Using a dog's superior olfactory sensitivity to identify Clostridium difficile in stools and patients: proof of principle study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 345 PMID: 23241268

Poulton J, Tarlow MJ. (1987) Diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis by smell. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Aug;62(8):851-2. PMID: 3662595

Arnaud Tognetti, Megan N Williams, Nathalie Lybert, Mats Lekander, John Axelsson, Mats J Olsson, Humans can detect axillary odor cues of an acute respiratory infection in others, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 219–228, https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad016

Come out smelling like a rose

You are what you eat. And you smell like your food. Well, it's actually a bit more complicated - as we emit complex combinations of volatile chemicals produced from food by our own metabolic system as well as microbes that call us home. Same foods can be translated into a wide range of odors, depending on the individual. People exhibit a large variety of smells, much more diverse than animals or plants. Thanks to variations in our digestive enzymes, diets, supplements, medicines, perfumes, detergents, clothes, cars and a lot of other chemicals we are exposed to via different routes. And there are many ways to smell of a rose - for example, by putting a few petals in the pocket, wearing Sa Majeste La Rose or drinking rose oil.

As confirmed by gas-chromatograph mass spectrometry using a thermo desorption system and a selective ion mode (Akiyama et al., 2006), linalool, citronellol and geraniol, which are the main components of rose essential oil, are emitted from our palms after an oral intake of rose oil. The aroma starts to increase 30 minutes after ingestion and reaches its peak within an hour, then slowly decreases, wearing off more than 100 times in the next 6 hours. Citronellol seems to evaporate the fastest, and linalool lingers a little longer than the other two compounds, but, of course, this may very well differ for different individuals.

A new "functional food" - Deo Perfume Candy  - is an attempt to take the sciences of smells and foods to a whole new level by creating a sweet treat intended to make you smell good. The main active ingredient of this candies is Geraniol. It is extracted from rose oil, which in its turn is extracted from real rose petals - one gram of oil per two thousand petals. Small amounts of citric acid and tangerine oil are added for more flavor. An healthy food company Beneo partnered with Bulgarian candy maker, Alpi, to develop this nutricosmetics  treat. At present it is sold exclusively on Amazon and has already collected 5 reviews - ranging from a praise of the observed fresh-just-showered smell to complaints of the need to eat a buck load of candies to see some kind of effect. Does it really work? It might for some of us. With the right chemistry and metabolism, and the right combination of everything else. You can enter it in Aurametrix as Deo Perfume Candy and check back later to see how it worked for others. Or just log what you normally eat and wear to find how your body could react to Geraniol.

You might want to compare it with “Fuwarinka” or Otoko Kaoru's chewing gum - despite a name that translates to "man smell" it also contains rose-flavored geraniol. Although one tester reported to smell like an apple-flavored soap after chewing it.  You can also experiment with the "coming soon" edible perfume from Netherlands, and its mystery ingredient (transformed by the body enzymes and excreted through the skin’s surface through perspiration). There will be more to come.

The possibilities are endless and so are the human odor outcomes.

REFERENCES

AKIYAMA, A., IMAI, K., ISHIDA, S., ITO, K., KOBAYASHI, T., NAKAMURA, H., NOSE, K., & TSUDA, T. (2006). Determination of Aromatic Compounds in Exhalated from Human Skin by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction and GC/MS with Thermo Desorption System BUNSEKI KAGAKU, 55 (10), 787-792 DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.787

Lisa Marie's TMAU Story

 

First hand experience with TMAU video, Lisa Marie

This video is a first hand experience with Trimethylaminuria (TMAU). CEO & Founder, Lisa M Marie of Silas Garrison Fisher, Inc, an organization dedicated to bringing about Public Awareness of Rare Medical Disorders, gives her account and experiences with living with this disorder.

Lisa has kindly written her biography for this blog, see below, as we join efforts with her to assist her in her Raising Public Awareness of Rare Medical Disorders. Lisa has reached out to her local university to see if they would offer her pro-bono legal services to become a Charity, but they do not offer this service as Florida International University offered MEBO Research. Therefore, she is struggling to write the required documents and filing them on her own. I hope that MEBO Research and Silas Garrison Fisher, Inc., can join forces from time to time to further our cause.

The Silence Broken by Lisa Marie Marie

This is a first hand account of my life living with TMAU, but TMAU is not my life.

The first known symptoms occurred at the age of approximately (10) ten, when family members and school officials discussed my body odor. I was cared for by my grandmother, where she would use Clorox in my water, and a mixture of baking soda to manage the odor.

As a child school was not easy, suffer bulling and abuse from other children. This abuse ranged from verbal insults to physical, such as having washing powder poured on me after school, or teachers having my classmates to take me to the bathroom to wash me. I was passive and often felt as though my condition was my fault and I somehow deserved the abuse. This was the first of my many moments of depression and embarrassments.

As puberty set, the odor also increased, on many days I missed school. I had only one friend through high school as they also had their condition and we accepted each other just as we were. The odor seem to come and go at the most odd moments, and as I became more aware of the condition, I made it a purpose for me to avoid people. I sought to cling to my spirituality, however, I found people in Church judge you as well as the world did. It was then I realized that I only needed me and God alone to truly have church.

As I began to seek employment, it was either I was qualified for the job, but after meeting me, I was not chosen, or if I was chosen and the disorder was not currently present, that multiple hygiene meetings were called, both public and private meetings. Soap was also left for me, or ugly notes. Traveling to and from work was not easy as I suffered harassment on buses, which ranged from the bus driver making bad remarks, (whereby with I began moving to the back of the bus opening a window) to a passenger spraying perfume around me.

I began to be proactive and try to find out what was wrong with me via the internet. This was slso an issue, as librarians would turn up the air, spray air freshener or open a foor, then gathering and looking back at me. I found two conditions which were bromhidrosis and TMAU.

I began going to a local dermatologist, and after going from doctors, one took the condition seriously and noted the symptoms. I was given Botox injection, medications, which had side effects, such as sensitivity to light, where I had to wear sunglasses. I tried taking 4-5 showers or baths a day, herbal remedies, colon cleansing, perfumes, supplements, changing all my clothing to cotton material, low pH balance soaps, prescription deodorants, herbal soaks, changes in diets, etc, etc…

I made characters that matched each disorder creating Heroes’ out of each one. I wanted to show that although we have this disorder we are all heroes’ and are a special gift to the world with a purpose.

I took a test for TMAU and was diagnosed with the disorder in the 90’s, at the least I had a name. I still continue trying remedies and will never give up. Instead of feeling sorry for myself I began creating an organization (Silas Garrison Fisher) concerning this and other rare disorders that I had come across in my research. I wanted to make it interesting, and so I made characters that matched each disorder creating Heroes’ out of each one. I wanted to show that although we have this disorder we are all heroes’ and are a special gift to the world with a purpose. In so doing I added information concerning the disorders, a support group for people to gather and talk about there condition or even their day to day experiences, I wanted also to promote healthy eating for others. I currently have promotions on Facebook with giveaways to assist with public awareness.

This is limited, for I am limited in funding. However, I am attempting to raising funds that would pay for testing of TMAU for individuals who have not yet been diagnosed, I feel my condition has a purpose, and this is one of those purposes. It has been going slow, as even advertising on Facebook cost, but I am hopeful.

In losing I now have my children and a special person in my life that I can talk out anything, they have made me stronger, more outspoken. I have educated myself concerning laws and rights that protect me from abuse, and I use them to do so.


P.S. God sent me a Minister and a counselor, just what I needed, as he is a part of my organization providing counseling (licensed).

Rare diseases affects us all, no matter the race, color, creed, and nationality.

Thank you, Lisa for coming forward and being proactive in your efforts to make a difference in the lives of all sufferers. The more sufferers who follow your example and join together, the more we can accomplish!

María

María de la Torre
Founder and Executive Director

A Public Charity
www.meboresearch.org
www.brasil.meboresearch.org
maria.delatorre@meboresearch.org
MEBO's Blog (English)
El Blog de MEBO (español)
MEBO Brasil - Blog (Portuguese)

Korean lab produces a trimethylamine enose for the food industry

From http://www.meboblog.com/2012/08/korean-lab-produces-trimethylamine.html

 

Korean lab produces a trimethylamine enose for the food industry

Korean paper on TMA enose : click to read abstract

A 'bioelectronic' enose that detects trimethylamine (TMA) levels has been constructed by scientists in a lab is Seoul. It is designed to detect fish spoilage in the food industry, but perhaps it could be adapted for people with trimethylaminuria (TMAU).

When fish spoils, the trimethylamine-oxide in the fish is decayed by bacteria into trimethylamine, which gives the odorous rotting fish smell. In TMAU, it is trimethylamine that causes the odor, although perhaps TMAU does not fully explain the range of odors in someone with a FMO3 enzyme issue. However it would seem trimethylamine is an excellent biomarker of FMO3 function if it is being produced in a person's gut.

Apparently the sensor was 'simply manufactured' and is 'portable' so it seems that a small application for humans may be a reality in the future.

Abstract
We herein report a peptide receptor-based bioelectronic nose (PRBN) that can determine the quality of seafood in real-time through measuring the amount of trimethylamine (TMA) generated from spoiled seafood. The PRBN was developed using single walled-carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (SWNT-FETs) functionalized with olfactory receptor-derived peptides (ORPs) which can recognize TMA and it allowed us to sensitively and selectively detect TMA in real-time at concentrations as low as 10fM. Utilizing these properties, we were able to not only determine the quality of three kinds of seafood (oyster, shrimp, and lobster), but were also able to distinguish spoiled seafood from other types of spoiled foods without any pretreatment processes. Especially, the use of small synthetic peptide rather than the whole protein allowed PRBNs to be simply manufactured through a single-step process and to be reused with high reproducibility due to no requirement of lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the PRBN was produced on a portable scale making it effectively useful for the food industry where the on-site measurement of seafood quality is required.

Abstract : A peptide receptor-based bioelectronic nose for the real-time determination of seafood quality