tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625056851353140852024-03-15T08:51:26.051-07:00Olfactics and Olfactory TheranosticsDespite being the overlooked Cinderella of our senses, the impact of smell on our well-being is profound.Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.comBlogger66125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-13369189610124454992024-01-21T15:15:00.000-08:002024-01-23T16:52:53.158-08:00The Invisible Language of NatureChemical communication, an invisible yet powerful dialogue within the natural world, plays a crucial role in the interactions between different species. One fascinating aspect of this is the concept of kairomones, chemicals emitted by one species that beneficially affect another, often at the emitter's expense. Unlike pheromones, which influence the same species, kairomones involve cross-species interactions. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtsmKnr9-irgRyOO0X8-lyu2GRQ4IVXHKrnAnK7_0mamy0kCR3Um7vOI1bGS6rQFixKcXaU1JPke275A6TuZ-WkXnGb2VvYoYxJwY8_el3lEq_QIbx7QpI3BYREpAYnS-UaNGulcTH5ihFnN5GJh05WXV-NUHmAw36FGpQn_R7h3euxsVFrMwHOHW09U2Y/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202024-01-23%2019.51.22%20-%20An%20illustration%20showing%20a%20human%20surrounded%20by%20mosquitoes,%20attracted%20by%20invisible%20chemical%20signals%20represented%20by%20wavy%20lines%20emanating%20from%20the%20person.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtsmKnr9-irgRyOO0X8-lyu2GRQ4IVXHKrnAnK7_0mamy0kCR3Um7vOI1bGS6rQFixKcXaU1JPke275A6TuZ-WkXnGb2VvYoYxJwY8_el3lEq_QIbx7QpI3BYREpAYnS-UaNGulcTH5ihFnN5GJh05WXV-NUHmAw36FGpQn_R7h3euxsVFrMwHOHW09U2Y/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202024-01-23%2019.51.22%20-%20An%20illustration%20showing%20a%20human%20surrounded%20by%20mosquitoes,%20attracted%20by%20invisible%20chemical%20signals%20represented%20by%20wavy%20lines%20emanating%20from%20the%20person.png" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /><div>Kairomones are a subtle yet potent force in nature's complex web. For example, human kairomones can significantly influence mosquito behavior. When humans exhale, they release carbon dioxide, L-(+)-lactic acid, and ammonia, unwittingly signaling their presence to mosquitoes. This chemical signal is a dinner bell for these insects, guiding them to their next blood meal. This interaction, while advantageous for the mosquito, is a clear disadvantage for humans, particularly considering the role mosquitoes play in transmitting diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>The study of human kairomones opens a window into understanding and potentially controlling mosquito populations. A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10796395/">recent study</a> highlighted the potential of geraniol in reducing mosquito attraction by 69-78% to a mixture of key human kairomones like carbon dioxide, L-(+)-lactic acid, and ammonia.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>This chemical dialogue extends beyond animals to the plant kingdom. Plants, though lacking a nervous system or traditional senses, have their own form of communication, often mediated by chemicals. For instance, when a plant is under attack, it can release volatile compounds to attract predators of the herbivores harming it. Interestingly, these chemicals can also alert nearby plants of potential danger.</div><div><br /></div><div>A case study involving sagebrush and wild tobacco plants provides insight into this phenomenon. When sagebrush is damaged, it releases methyl jasmonate, a volatile compound that nearby tobacco plants detect, triggering an increase in their production of defensive agents. This chemical warning system, however, seems to have a very limited range.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The study of chemical communication in nature, whether between humans and mosquitoes or among plants, is an ongoing journey of discovery. It reveals the intricate and often hidden ways in which life on Earth interacts and adapts. As research continues, we may find more innovative ways to apply this knowledge, from controlling pests to understanding ecosystem dynamics.</div><div><br /></div><div>Chemical communication remains a fascinating and largely uncharted frontier, offering a glimpse into the sophisticated and silent language of nature.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div class="inside-copy"><br /></div><div class="inside-copy"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES </div><div><br /></div><div>Coutinho-Abreu IV, Jamshidi O, Raban R, Atabakhsh K, Merriman JA, Akbari OS. Identification of human skin microbiome odorants that manipulate mosquito landing behavior. Sci Rep. 2024 Jan 18;14(1):1631. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50182-5. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238397/">38238397</a>; PMCID: PMC10796395.</div><div><br /></div><div>Karban R, Shiojiri K, Huntzinger M, McCall AC. Damage-induced resistance in sagebrush: volatiles are key to intra- and interplant communication. Ecology. 2006 Apr;87(4):922-30. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[922:drisva]2.0.co;2. PMID: 16676536.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/critter/plantsbugs.html?">Chemical & Engineering News: Critter Chemistry - Plants to Bugs: Buzz Off! (acs.org)</a> by Sophie Wilkinson, Chemical & Engineering News, American Chemical Society</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>The short film "Descendants" provides a creative exploration of nature's interconnectedness: <a href="http://vimeo.com/8642276" rel="nofollow">http://vimeo.com/8642276</a></div><div><br /></div><div>https://entomology.ucdavis.edu/people/richard-karban</div><div>https://swissplantscienceweb.unibas.ch/en/farmer/</div><div>https://www.ice.mpg.de/person/111845</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-6456637980786559742023-11-13T08:31:00.000-08:002023-11-15T11:39:19.932-08:00Rare Diseases in the Era of High-Cost Drug Development<div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>We are currently witnessing a remarkable era in medical innovation, marked by rapid advancements and transformative developments. Yet the medical community is often unable to tell </span><a href="https://www.statnews.com/2022/11/03/why-were-not-prepared-for-next-wave-of-biotech-innovation/">what works and what doesn’t</a><span>. As the complexity of medical treatments increases, the importance of distinguishing reliable therapies from ineffective ones becomes ever more crucial. In this context, robust data collection and sophisticated analysis are indispensable tools.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpvfMNXJF95brJ6Sils14RJbTy07qZeAwfyxFXEkjAuOgjUeg8o7Fs5bDPmuhVArEsXCPyRZy5ppHjanAhTlWp7i5hXNvNydO2TAdh_dHcv7YFtIVQKuPm8NEjqDqRmMYGMsyOn_GJktXTvOaScsYa2v7R4Q7y0uAgh1NFZG_ccf0wcXGkDeygzg2v9VS/s720/DrugDevelopment.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpvfMNXJF95brJ6Sils14RJbTy07qZeAwfyxFXEkjAuOgjUeg8o7Fs5bDPmuhVArEsXCPyRZy5ppHjanAhTlWp7i5hXNvNydO2TAdh_dHcv7YFtIVQKuPm8NEjqDqRmMYGMsyOn_GJktXTvOaScsYa2v7R4Q7y0uAgh1NFZG_ccf0wcXGkDeygzg2v9VS/w200-h200/DrugDevelopment.jpg" width="200" /></a>In recent years, the trend in clinical trials has shifted towards smaller studies focusing on diseases that either attract substantial health insurance reimbursements or predominantly affect affluent populations. This shift is largely driven by the expectation of high drug prices post-development. However, this leaves a significant gap in research and treatment for conditions <span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: left;">like Metabolic Body Odor (MEBO) and "People are allergic to me" (PATM). These conditions disproportionately impact individuals who may find it challenging to achieve financial security due to the nature of their ailments.</span></div></span></span></div><div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>In 2008, a community survey by pharmacist Arun Nagrath highlighted a lack of confidence in medical advice among patients. </span><span>Fast forward to the present, and while medical practitioners may exhibit greater confidence, their assurance is not always underpinned by evidence. This is evident in the prescription of costly tests, which clinicians may struggle to interpret or follow up effectively.</span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCumdQ1x7YYqikN7gILQuXzPjbOid4K0BdtUHPn58WX3gzKCejH06JdXd6UmELZE05b1ytc9LYs5Isq2bGdv6C11ZgZlpvrLwSId0olOfgFQvn6zmYbOLKvB5JIgIr-AAHS0radd159aXlZ3q5XhdPbaFjrIPCA-igk6qF1ulDWOg7GYJCPWv1qmk0ZQd/s1545/AurametrixMEBO2008.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="1545" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCumdQ1x7YYqikN7gILQuXzPjbOid4K0BdtUHPn58WX3gzKCejH06JdXd6UmELZE05b1ytc9LYs5Isq2bGdv6C11ZgZlpvrLwSId0olOfgFQvn6zmYbOLKvB5JIgIr-AAHS0radd159aXlZ3q5XhdPbaFjrIPCA-igk6qF1ulDWOg7GYJCPWv1qmk0ZQd/s320/AurametrixMEBO2008.png" width="320" /></span></a></div></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>The landscape of self-treatment is continuously evolving. Popular remedies change over time, and the effectiveness of these treatments varies widely. In 2008, probiotics and Chlorophyl/Copper Chlorophyllin products were at the forefront. However, some patients reported that their odor issues worsened after using these remedies (as indicated by the red area in the corresponding pie chart, compared to green for effectiveness and gray for uncertainty). Many patients found that perfumed products exacerbated their condition, including about half of reported deodorants, though the other half was suitable types. Remedies once popular, like Mushroom extracts such as ProM and Champex, Activated Charcoal, Baking Soda and Hydrogen Peroxide have faded from the discussion. Vitamin B2, although used by fewer than a quarter of respondents in 2008 and found effective by some, remains a favored treatment. </span><span>Oldenlandia and Coconut oil were found useful by small fraction of respondents. Somebody even used Bleach to clean themselves and found it to make things worse. </span><span> </span><span>Interestingly, certain drugs intended for other conditions were reported to have secondary effects on odor – beneficial in cases like Prilosec and Probathine, and detrimental with Anxiolytics, Antidepressants, and Antivirals, the latter aligning with recent findings related to the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309347/">COVID-19 vaccine</a>. Antifungals were used by a few and were never found to worsen condition. Neither did Folic acid, Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium. There were cases when digestive enzymes, contraceptives, and baking soda treatments made things worse. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Interest in resveratrol, a compound present in red wine, reached its zenith in the late 2000s and early 2010s. During this period, the MEBO community extensively used and promoted this compound. In the mid-2010s, DMB became a focal point of discussion for many, while Fluxovas entered the scene and began to be mentioned starting in 2020.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><span>While the popularity of probiotics endures, there is a noticeable shift towards personalization. Individuals are increasingly acknowledging the significance of identifying probiotic strains that harmonize with their unique physiology and health objectives. </span><span>Our </span><a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">microbiome study</a><span> unveiled that individuals with higher cutaneous bacteria (and total bacteria) abundances in the gut benefited from reducing microbial diversity and overall bacterial counts. In contrast, those with lower abundances found advantages in increasing microbial diversity. This highlights the absence of a universal solution for probiotics.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><div><br /></div><div>This evolving self-treatment scenario emphasizes the pivotal role of precision medicine, considering individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences for disease treatment and prevention. Conditions like TMAU, MEBO, and PATM, lacking standardized effective treatments, emphasize the pressing need for more nuanced and targeted approaches.</div><div>Precision medicine, <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672v1">gaining popularity</a>, particularly in tandem with <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672v1.full-text">Artificial Intelligence</a> approaches this year, marks a departure from one-size-fits-all strategies. It relies extensively on data, specifically genomic, microbiome, and metabolomic data, to tailor treatments to individual patient needs. This patient-centric approach promises to revolutionize treatment strategies, especially for those with previously under-researched and underserved medical conditions.</div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">MEBO's causes remain largely unknown, and without clear diagnostic criteria, it is often referred to as idiopathic malodor. This uncertainty mirrors the earlier challenges in diagnosing conditions like IBS, which was once seen as a diagnosis of exclusion. Today, the importance of ruling out other diagnoses through tests is recognized.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">MEBO is a poignant example of a rare condition that can severely impact an individual's ability to pursue a career and achieve financial success. This condition is not only socially debilitating but also lacks effective diagnostic and treatment options. Diagnostic studies for such rare conditions are prohibitively expensive, and the lack of effective therapies exacerbates the problem. Moreover, the large heterogeneity within the patient population makes finding a one-size-fits-all solution particularly challenging.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">So, what should be done in this scenario? First and foremost, there's a need for increased funding and research attention towards rare diseases like MEBO. This could be facilitated by incentivizing pharmaceutical companies through tax breaks or grants to undertake research in less profitable but socially significant areas.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Secondly, fostering collaborations between research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and patient advocacy groups can create a more holistic approach to understanding and treating these conditions. Such collaborations can also help in the collection of more comprehensive and diverse data, and <span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="- https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/better-trials-someday">better ways to collect it</a>, </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">which is crucial given the heterogeneity of conditions like MEBO. </span></div></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Thirdly, the role of government and healthcare policymakers is critical. They can implement policies that encourage research and development in neglected areas, ensuring that the healthcare system is inclusive and caters to all, regardless of the financial implications or rarity of the condition.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">Lastly, leveraging technology and innovation in medical research can also provide new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. For example, artificial intelligence and machine learning could be used to better understand complex conditions like MEBO, potentially leading to more effective and personalized treatments.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">So far there’s never been any real emphasis on making clinical trials better or easier to conduct. Our goal, as a society, seems to be to manufacture more and more sports cars and to drive them faster and faster into the mud.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">We hope that the healthcare industry and policymakers work together to ensure that all patients, regardless of their financial status or the rarity of their condition, have access to the treatments they need.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;">REFERENCES</span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.statnews.com/2022/11/03/why-were-not-prepared-for-next-wave-of-biotech-innovation/">This is biology's century. We're not ready for it (statnews.com)</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/better-trials-someday">Better Trials. Someday. | Science | AAAS</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Gabashvili IS. The Incidence and Effect of Adverse Events Due to COVID-19 Vaccines on Breakthrough Infections: Decentralized Observational Study With Underrepresented Groups. JMIR Form Res. 2022 Nov 4;6(11):e41914. doi: 10.2196/41914. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309347/">36309347</a>; PMCID: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9640199/">PMC9640199</a>.</div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: medium;"><em style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #262626;"><br /></em></span></div><div>Gabashvili IS. Cutaneous bacteria in the gut microbiome as biomarkers of systemic malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) conditions: insights from a virtually conducted clinical trial. JMIR Dermatol. 2020 Nov 4;3(1):e10508. doi: 10.2196/10508. <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/ ">https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/ </a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Gabashvili IS. Artificial Intelligence in Biomedicine: Systematic Review</div><div>medRxiv 2023.07.23.23292672; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.07.23.23292672</a></div></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-81721667380735049422023-11-03T14:01:00.000-07:002024-02-15T07:44:27.237-08:00Cytochromes P450 and the World of Volatile Organic Compounds<p>Cytochrome P450, often abbreviated as CYP450 (CYP) or simply P450, is a vital group of enzymes found in the liver, and it plays a fundamental role in detoxifying the body and metabolizing various foreign compounds.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drug.ku.dk/disciplines/peptides-and-proteins/cytochrome-p450-and-drug-metabolism/images/1100x600/cytochorme-p450-1100x600.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">></a></div><p>Metabolic enzymes employ different catalytic mechanisms. FMOs, for instance, directly receive electrons from nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), while CYPs obtain their electrons via an intermediary protein known as CYP reductase. Furthermore, CYPs activate oxygen only after binding to an oxygenatable substrate, adding an extra layer of complexity to the metabolic puzzle. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSYbMz8x2l7JCXpRLoMJ6I7hLXbAXyQDoyzpLluMh5dsaFKz2oQk7twfuTD-2MKrYt9aTegixxHdZfg5PVp16-lL02cXezGN12-4Hhu9fjzAQRyWz8UdTNjnCfIH3X5mYDiqDGGF_RLjnuUyo49pPSyzOMjXvKo1jlKxLvT4SCM4Kb3TsP_MUqUUNaSyG/s404/th.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="404" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsSYbMz8x2l7JCXpRLoMJ6I7hLXbAXyQDoyzpLluMh5dsaFKz2oQk7twfuTD-2MKrYt9aTegixxHdZfg5PVp16-lL02cXezGN12-4Hhu9fjzAQRyWz8UdTNjnCfIH3X5mYDiqDGGF_RLjnuUyo49pPSyzOMjXvKo1jlKxLvT4SCM4Kb3TsP_MUqUUNaSyG/s320/th.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>In the complex world of enzymatic metabolism, our comprehension of the comparative efficiency of different enzymes remains somewhat limited. The body's selection of which metabolic enzymes to use is governed by several factors such as substrate specificity, enzyme efficiency, temperature and the surrounding environment in the compartment where the enzyme and substrate are in, co-factors and co-enzymes, concentration of substrates and competition for substrates. </p><p>Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzymes and Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), such as FMO3, often participate in the metabolic processes of the same compounds. For instance, substances like Nicotine, Caffeine, Tazarotenic acid, Benzydamine, and the antipsychotic drug Perazine (PER) encounter these enzymes during their metabolic journey.</p><p>FMO3, in particular, stands out for its remarkable ability to convert trimethylamine (TMA) into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). However, even TMA navigates a maze of metabolic pathways and could encounter cytochromes P-450.</p><p>Similar to FMO3, genetic variations in CYP2E1, such as the SNP g.50657948 T>G, have been linked to odor (lamb odor and flavor in sheep), indicating a broader role beyond metabolism, potentially affecting odorant and pheromone clearance. Ubiquitous amino acid derived from food - tryptophan serves as the precursor for skatole, and the conversion of tryptophan to skatole involves the action of enzymes, including CYP2E1, in a series of metabolic reactions. CYP2E1 expression levels have been correlated with a variety of dietary and physiological factors, such as ethanol consumption, diabetes, fasting, and obesity. </p><p>Poor dietary choices, medications, exposure to external factors such as air pollution, cigarette smoke, radiation (e.g., UV radiation from the sun), and certain environmental toxins, inflammatory processes, whether due to infection, injury, or chronic inflammatory conditions, even normal metabolic processes can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Examples are superoxide anion (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2), among others. Excessive production or impaired elimination of ROS can lead to oxidative stress.</p><p>To counteract the harmful effects of oxidative stress, the body activates the detoxification process, in which cytochrome P450 takes center stage. Cytochrome P450 catalyzes the addition of an oxygen atom to foreign compounds, making them more water-soluble. This transformation results in the formation of alcohols and, as byproducts, aldehydes. The detoxification process is a critical defense mechanism that helps the body eliminate harmful substances.</p><p>High-fat and high-protein diets have gained popularity but can have adverse effects on our health. Research has shown that these diets may induce organ damage, abnormal serum biochemical indexes, and inflammation. Interestingly, the production of malodorous gas compounds in the body because of these diets can be influenced by the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and liver cytochrome P450. </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-CfE2GRy7NDAmyjlKQh46V7-rNYCQ4MjlqqXd6dgSoJy-K6jIPle-3EfOVTxIY0Q2VfUBEy2KWcELqv51Uxt54bmrJObs-QzQAB4PngTuJuRStKlnrPcAYyQeS-Y1TuzSlGAOR0AGXzHjF2weV7_VMVWkBJZISiGmjHCkAzbVZJ2CyUFkqHedH-vrtxZV/s1392/CYP-odors.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="1392" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-CfE2GRy7NDAmyjlKQh46V7-rNYCQ4MjlqqXd6dgSoJy-K6jIPle-3EfOVTxIY0Q2VfUBEy2KWcELqv51Uxt54bmrJObs-QzQAB4PngTuJuRStKlnrPcAYyQeS-Y1TuzSlGAOR0AGXzHjF2weV7_VMVWkBJZISiGmjHCkAzbVZJ2CyUFkqHedH-vrtxZV/w320-h204/CYP-odors.jpg" title="Zhang T, Xie B, Liu H. High-fat and high-protein diets from different sources induce different intestinal malodorous gases and inflammation. Food Research International. 2022 Apr 1;154:110989." width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">from Zhang et al, 2022</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p>Chemicals that alter xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, such as CYPs, may also alter endogenous hormone levels since some of these enzymes control levels of endogenous hormones. Many of the pesticides that caused mammary gland tumors or other mammary effects also alter steroidogenesis in the H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cell line, activate nuclear receptors or CYP enzymes, or are estrogenic.</p><p>CYP family of heme monooxygenase enzymes is known for its ability to catalyze enantioselective hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions. Epoxidation reactions have been hypothesized to proceed via multiple mechanisms involving different reactive intermediates. A study of the bacterial enzyme CYP199A4 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris demonstrated a significant reduction in epoxidation activity when the D251N mutation was introduced. Remarkably, despite these mutations, the chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity of the epoxidation reaction remained intact.</p><p>Innovations in biotechnology have led to the development of specialized cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as the Cytochrome P450 BM-3 mutant (139-3). This mutant exhibits high activity towards the epoxidation of non-natural substrates, including propylene, which can be converted to propylene oxide. </p><p>In summary, cytochrome P450 is a fascinating and essential component of our body's biochemistry, with implications that extend beyond detoxification. Understanding its functions and interactions can pave the way for advancements in both medicine and biotechnology.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Zhang T, Xie B, Liu H. High-fat and high-protein diets from different sources induce different intestinal malodorous gases and inflammation. Food Research International. 2022 Apr 1;154:110989.</p><p>Padwa A, Murphree SS. Epoxides and aziridines-a mini review. Arkivoc. 2006 Jan 1;3(6).</p><p>Störmer E, Brockmöller J, Roots I, Schmider J. Cytochrome P-450 enzymes and FMO3 contribute to the disposition of the antipsychotic drug perazine in vitro. Psychopharmacology. 2000 Sep;151:312-20.</p><p>Harahap RS, Noor RR, Gunawan A. Effect of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms on lamb odor and flavor in Indonesian sheep. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021 Jun 1 (Vol. 788, No. 1, p. 012022). IOP Publishing.</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-11541449870754362572023-10-21T17:22:00.002-07:002023-10-21T17:22:47.082-07:00The Power of Scent: Synthetic Odorants and Hair Health<p>In a study published this month in the Journal of Dermatological Science, Edelkamp and a team of researchers have unveiled a novel approach to managing the human hair follicle microbiome. The key player is a synthetic odorant that mimics the scent of sandalwood, known as Sandalore®.</p><p>The study's foundation lies in the discovery that human scalp hair follicles (HFs) possess olfactory receptors, which enable them to engage in chemosensation. Specifically, activation of olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily AT member 4 (OR2AT4). </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiugubnbCKSnmFEvRIRlI7j_vE60p6F01atnHkmAjfHCaptCyosTNWqfAM_eM6IzB3QKnHoUdo5_FNji6RnOLqwp5tCiYyNLADO2FDMkMu2kstk0Qod2LMMAzmJb9J-BnOmUlj4BEQSwPbo_LHnTQ61mr2P9ot_7ORsbMt2GnlRSxVnN6bT_NAvOhI_IEOH/s720/hair-health-odorants.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiugubnbCKSnmFEvRIRlI7j_vE60p6F01atnHkmAjfHCaptCyosTNWqfAM_eM6IzB3QKnHoUdo5_FNji6RnOLqwp5tCiYyNLADO2FDMkMu2kstk0Qod2LMMAzmJb9J-BnOmUlj4BEQSwPbo_LHnTQ61mr2P9ot_7ORsbMt2GnlRSxVnN6bT_NAvOhI_IEOH/s320/hair-health-odorants.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>One of the findings was the role of Sandalore® in up-regulating the expression of dermcidin (DCD) within the hair follicles. Previously believed to be exclusively produced by sweat and sebaceous glands, DCD is a potent antimicrobial peptide. The study revealed that synthetic odorant treatment triggered the production of DCD within the hair follicles.</p><p>To thoroughly understand the implications of this discovery, the researchers compared DCD expression between fresh-frozen scalp biopsies and microdissected, full-length scalp HFs. These HFs were organ-cultured under various conditions, including the presence or absence of Sandalore®, antibiotics, and the competitive OR2AT4 antagonist, Phenirat®.</p><p>Sandalore®-conditioned medium, with increased DCD content, was found to favor the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia restricta, while simultaneously exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. </p><p>The study opens doors for further exploration into using cosmetic odorants in the management of folliculitis and dysbiosis-associated hair diseases.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCE</p><p>Edelkamp J, Lousada MB, Pinto D, Chéret J, Calabrese FM, Jiménez F, Erdmann H, Wessel J, Phillip B, Angelis M, Rinaldi F, Bertolini M, Paus R. Management of the human hair follicle microbiome by a synthetic odorant. J Dermatol Sci. 2023 Oct 17:S0923-1811(23)00221-9. doi: <a href="http://10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.09.006">10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.09.006</a>. Epub ahead of print. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37858476/">37858476</a>.</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-77532054269554043652023-10-04T17:48:00.007-07:002023-10-24T08:50:47.714-07:00Methanethiol: The Scent of Disease and Discovery<p>In a <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/search?q=selenbp1">previous blog post</a>, we discussed the role of SELENBP1 in nonosyndromic (monosymptomatic) halitosis. We learned that if this enzyme isn't functioning correctly, it can lead to the release of more Methanethiol, a volatile and rather unpleasant-smelling gas often associated with the aroma of rotten cabbage. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAnrIVbOEjsNtwqWl672m-mN_uVfh74qVGHQBctMGwXoH7bNZuANPIlxdYz6s76_YR7RlEgMYzRGH83SUKF8-WTlHNw2q4U2WlE-3TG9KdWFtwzhCSqQZ0aLXtrq5XTF1iKYiugoNTe86K3DIadFJMP5c-xp_1dfd3wHeCJlvf41pmX5KMcSHnq5qBVFBm/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-10-04%2021.14.25%20-%20In%20the%20foreground,%20there's%20a%20transparent,%20cylindrical%20chamber%20with%20a%20patient's%20silhouette%20inside.%20The%20chamber%20is%20filled%20with%20various%20colorful%20and%20swir.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAnrIVbOEjsNtwqWl672m-mN_uVfh74qVGHQBctMGwXoH7bNZuANPIlxdYz6s76_YR7RlEgMYzRGH83SUKF8-WTlHNw2q4U2WlE-3TG9KdWFtwzhCSqQZ0aLXtrq5XTF1iKYiugoNTe86K3DIadFJMP5c-xp_1dfd3wHeCJlvf41pmX5KMcSHnq5qBVFBm/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-10-04%2021.14.25%20-%20In%20the%20foreground,%20there's%20a%20transparent,%20cylindrical%20chamber%20with%20a%20patient's%20silhouette%20inside.%20The%20chamber%20is%20filled%20with%20various%20colorful%20and%20swir.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>However, Selenium binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) isn't just a casual bystander in our biological processes. It has been linked to various health conditions and diseases. These include:</p><p>Hypermethioninemia: A rare condition that can sometimes come with learning disabilities and neurological issues.</p><p>Schizophrenia: a complex mental disorder that challenges our understanding of the human mind</p><p>Hypertension and Ischemic Heart Conditions, conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and Infectious Diseases: Dysregulation of SELENBP1 is associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue infections, as well as <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2022/11/olfactory-signatures-and-covid-19.html">COVID-19</a>.</p><p>SELENBP1's role in several types of cancer, including its downregulation at the onset of cancer and upregulation in later stages, is a subject of intense research.</p><p>Methanethiol contributes to the distinct scent signature linked to cancer, characterized by a combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Researchers are increasingly exploring this intriguing scent profile as a potential tool for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis.</p><p>Methanethiol is a testament to the intricate connections between genetics, metabolism, and disease, reminding us that even the smelliest molecules can lead to groundbreaking discoveries.</p><p>Methanethiol also contributes to the distinct scent signature associated with cancer, characterized by a combination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This intriguing scent profile is increasingly being explored for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis.</p><p>In a recent paper titled "<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10525899/">Methanethiol: A Scent Mark of Dysregulated Sulfur Metabolism in Cancer,</a>" researchers unveiled new findings:</p><p>Tumor cells undergo metabolic adaptations to meet increased energy demands and enhance stress resilience. This includes dysregulation of sulfur metabolism and elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in cancer patients.</p><p>Methanethiol stands out as the predominant cancer-associated VSC and is being considered as a potential biomarker for non-invasive cancer diagnosis.</p><p>Within the gut microbiome of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients, gut bacteria, particularly methanethiol-producing strains like Fusobacterium nucleatum, are a significant source of exposure to methanethiol.</p><p>Selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) plays a crucial role in the rapid degradation of methanethiol through its methanethiol oxidase (MTO) activity.</p><p>Odor-based cancer screening methods, such as sniffer dogs and canine scent detection, even <a href="https://academic.oup.com/emph/article/11/1/219/7180994">human feedback</a>, have shown great promise in identifying lung and colorectal cancer patients, opening doors to non-invasive detection approaches.</p><p>The dysregulation of sulfur metabolism and the potential use of methanethiol as a biomarker, coupled with the innovative odor-based cancer screening methods, offer not just promising but transformative avenues for non-invasive cancer detection and cutting-edge research.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCE</p><p>Philipp TM, Scheller AS, Krafczyk N, Klotz LO, Steinbrenner H. Methanethiol: A Scent Mark of Dysregulated Sulfur Metabolism in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Sep 19;12(9):1780. doi: 10.3390/antiox12091780. PMID: 37760083; PMCID: PMC10525899.</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-69967407570346256462023-08-26T13:02:00.056-07:002023-11-01T18:24:30.503-07:00Chronicles of Community-Driven Research: The Evolution of MEBO and PATM Studies<p>In the ever-evolving landscape of medical science, the untangling of medical mysteries often hinges not just on technological advancements or expert researchers, but on the active involvement of community members. Community efforts have been instrumental in the identification and understanding of elusive conditions MEBO (Metabolic Body Odor) and PATM (People Are Allergic to Me).</p><p><b>Late 1990s - early 2000s: The Dawn of Online Support Forums </b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ytq6bgc7nBeIIw3pgx1zC41IenGB3x2uaEPXszsTimGDEQoU1jE_IvfKzoBMIB9wgayCHY72BEhbUdkFpwqH6yQbMoTh9g8_6oQPG6e8eu7J09Sikbry-Y9d49uZCMP9ZhQdLf4lNa8ZjTbiQAVzcAgozAi9Q2-h6MLcR-OPlnRuTiUtRvU5Y-AdHpBO/s433/PATM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="363" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ytq6bgc7nBeIIw3pgx1zC41IenGB3x2uaEPXszsTimGDEQoU1jE_IvfKzoBMIB9wgayCHY72BEhbUdkFpwqH6yQbMoTh9g8_6oQPG6e8eu7J09Sikbry-Y9d49uZCMP9ZhQdLf4lNa8ZjTbiQAVzcAgozAi9Q2-h6MLcR-OPlnRuTiUtRvU5Y-AdHpBO/s320/PATM.jpg" width="268" /></a></b></div><p></p><p>Before the conditions were officially named, online forums like MSN Body Odor Support Forum, ibsgroup.org, Yahoo TMAU group, and Curezone BO & Halitosis and TMAU forums served as early platforms for sufferers to discuss their symptoms. </p><p>At this time, Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) was a scarcely recognized condition, and diagnostic tests were both costly and geographically limited. Trimethylaminuria support group, later established as <a href="https://opengovny.com/corporation/2600975">foundation</a> raises 35K and awards it to Dr. George Preti of Monell Center, the world’s only independent, non-profit scientific institute dedicated to interdisciplinary basic research on the senses of taste and smell.</p><p><b>2006-2007: Birth of MEBO and PATM Communities</b></p><p>In 2006, the acronym "PATM" was first coined by a sufferer, and by 2007, a dedicated PATM community was established on MedHelp. The initial post was reposted in PATM forum and garnered over 8,800 responses, signifying the start of a community-led initiative to explore the condition. While the term FBO (fecal body odor) emerged earlier and is <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TMAU/comments/160uacn/what_is_fbo_like_for_people_with_office_jobs/">still used on online forums</a>, it is often avoided due to its less appealing connotation. MEBO was coined by another individual suffering from a similar undiagnosed condition. This further fueled community-driven research and knowledge sharing among those affected.</p><p><b>2008: Broadening the Dialogue</b></p><p>The blog Bloodbornebodyodorandhalitosis.com is launched, later transitioned to<a href="https://www.meboblog.com/"> meboblog.com</a>. This year also saw more in-person meetups and community surveys, including one by pharmacist Arun Nagrath that received <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2008/12/call-to-action-be-part-of-bo-research.html">about 100 responses</a>. 95% of responders was trying to seek medical help, over 90% thought that their doctor was not knowledgeable nor confident in their recommendations. </p><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2009: Formalizing Research Efforts</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>MEBO Research Charity was founded in both the UK and Florida, spearheaded by Maria de la Torre. The first collaborative study with UK's Biolab was initiated, focusing on blood and urine tests. The results were subsequently published on the MEBO blog and clinicaltrials.gov (<a href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02692495?term=NCT02692495&rank=1">NCT02692495</a>, principal investigator: Irene Gabashvili).</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2010: Unveiling the Microbiome and Genetic Factors</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>At MEBO's 1st annual conference, held in Nashville, Dr. Gabashvili presents <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2010/02/test-webinar-microbes-and-us-slide.html">"Microbes and us,"</a> discussing the human microbiome's role in poorly understood conditions like idiopathic malodor and multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS). Previously, MEBO interviewed <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2009/03/interview-with-cass-nelson-dooley-of.html">Metametrix</a> about their GI Effects panel, which measured stool bacteria, fungus, and parasites with DNA analysis. Metametrix, pioneer in diagnostics of nutritional insufficiencies and metabolic dysfunction,was later acquired by Genova Diagnostics.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Nigel Manning introduces 12 potential subtypes of TMAU. Out of 1,150 urine samples from 716 individuals collected between 1997 and 2009, 379 (53%) indicate significant TMAU presence. The launch of a new FMO3 genetic testing service promises to provide clearer diagnostic results. Additionally, a <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/search?q=service+dog">TMAU service dog program</a> is initiated.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2011: The Advent of Genomic Data Sharing</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>Community members begin sharing genomic data, and MEBO critiques the limitations of 23andMe's FMO3 testing in blog posts. Dr. George Preti and his team at the Monell Center publish "<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851918/">Individuals reporting idiopathic malodor production: demographics and incidence of trimethylaminuria</a>", revealing that only one-third of individuals with idiopathic malodor test positive for TMAU. New <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21931564/">study from Oxford</a>, proposes two genes coding enzymes, besides FMO3, NAT8 and PYROXD2, both with relatively uncharacterized functional roles, as potentially linked to TMAU. </div><div><br /></div><div>The <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2011/04/highlights-of-mebos-2nd-annual-meetup.html">second annual meetup</a> in Washington, DC, focuses on the interplay between genetic mechanisms and holistic health. Skype conference call group is formed. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2012: Empowering Patients Through Technology</b></div><div>A new MEBO study focusing on alveolar breath is initiated (<a href="tps://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03451994">NCT03451994</a>). Aurametrix health management software is publicly launched, allowing patients to diagnose metabolic inefficiencies through <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2012/07/aurametrix-presentation-miami-beach.html">digital food and symptom journaling</a>. Karen James, MEBO UK’s Public Relations Director, publishes an article in the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) journal InnovAiT, describing the <a href="http://rcgpinnovait.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/my-body-produces-an-offensively-pungent-chemical/">life of a TMAU sufferer</a>. For <a href="https://igem.org/" style="background-color: #f6f4f2; color: #0d47b6; font-family: "Josefin Sans"; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-color: green; text-decoration-line: none;">iGEM</a><span style="background-color: #f6f4f2; font-family: "Josefin Sans"; font-size: 18px;"> </span>competition, student <a href="https://2012hs.igem.org/Team:AUC_Turkey/Team">team from Fatih university</a> genetically engineers bacteria producing geraniol and FMO3 to eliminate TMA odors. Their product, FreshEcoli, is supposed to work as a synthetic perfume. </div><div><br /></div><div>The <a href="https://mebopatm.blogspot.com/2012/06/conference-agenda-for-3rd-annual-mebo.html">Third Annual Meetup</a> in Miami Beach features Dr. Elizabeth Shephard discussing pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2013: Deepening Theoretical Insights</b></div><div>MEBO UK's scientific director, Dr. Colin Harvey-Woodworth, publishes an article proposing that some MEBO symptoms may be secondary to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23579164/">dimethylsulphidemia</a>, a previously unidentified metabolic condition linked to DMGDH gene. Concurrently, a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23266626/">mediterranean study</a> reveals that individuals carrying FMO3 mutations may not necessarily experience odor issues. The study finds that the TMA/TMAO ratio in urine samples from individuals with 158KK/308EG variants indicates reduced FMO3 activity, yet these individuals do not exhibit the hallmark fish-like odor commonly associated with trimethylaminuria. This data underscores the notion that the expression of trimethylaminuria symptoms is influenced by factors beyond the presence of specific genetic variants.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2014: Therapeutic Innovations</b></div><div>Dr. Jean-François Brugère proposes the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24247281/">therapeutic use of archaea</a> to prevent trimethylaminuria and cardiovascular disease. The technique was <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US10238695B2/en">patented</a> but not yet tested in humans. MEBO's TMAU urine testing program is initiated, and the <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2014/09/mebo-tmau-test-program-results-batch-11.html">results</a> are discussed. Another <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2015/03/igem-2014-competition-french-graduates.html">student team from Paris University</a>, genetically engineers skin bacteria by introducing a trimethylamine mono-oxygenase from a non-human bacteria Ruegeria pomeroyi, for iGEM competition. Dr. Aydin proposes <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/search/label/Aydin">new definitions for halitosis</a>. Reddit <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TMAU">TMAU</a> and <a href="https://old.reddit.com/r/patm/">PATM</a> groups are created. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2015: </b>E<b>xpanding Testing and new molecular targets</b></div><div>The <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2015/04/be-participant-of-mebo-annual-meetup.html">MEBO Conference in Orlando</a> distributes <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2015/03/tmau-test-kits-available-mebo-meetup.html">urine test kits</a> based on choline challenges and discusses emerging trends in testing methodologies.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), which is a structural analog of choline found in some foods, such as balsamic vinegars, red wines, some cold-pressed extra virgin olive oils and grapeseed oils <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26687352/">is demonstrated to inhibit TMA production by gut bacteria</a>. DMB has potential as a therapeutic approach. Studies also show the inhibitory effects of Resveratrol on TMA production in mice, further expanding the scope of potential small molecule targets. Dr Stanley Hazen files <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160129075A1">a patent</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><b>2016: Streamlining Diagnostic Approaches</b></div><div>MEBO collaborates with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Wishart">Professor David Wishart</a> on a Urine Metabolomics study, registered as <a href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02683876">NCT02683876</a>, involving Canadian participants. The study aims to explore simpler, non-challenge-based tests for diagnosis.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Several sufferers in the MEBO community <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2016/09/resveratrol-dmb-breath-and-body-odor_9.html">report taking Resveratrol</a> for a few months, with excellent results in decreasing or completely eliminating their odor symptoms while increasing consumption of foods high in choline, carnitine, and lecithin.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>2017: Diagnostic Breakthroughs and the Social Media Shift</b></div><div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>MEBO's Scientific Director, Irene Gabashvili, publishes the <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139014v1">Biolab study on BiorXiv</a>. The study reveals significant differences in intestinal permeability among participants based on body regions responsible for VOC emissions. In addition, the study identifies two subgroups of MEBO/PATM sufferers based on sugar intake. Due to the small sample size of 16 participants, the article remains a preprint. Unfortunately, the current structure and incentives of mainstream academic publishing favor well-funded research on common diseases and are less accommodating to research on overlooked rare conditions. </div><div><br /></div><div>A <a href="https://monell.org/potential-new-causes-for-the-odor-producing-disorder-tmau/">Monell Center Study</a> published in BMC Medical Genetics delves into the genetic complexities of TMAU, revealing that not all cases are linked to the FMO3 gene. Although the choline challenge test confirmed a diagnosis of TMAU by revealing a high level of urinary TMA in all 10 subjects, genetic analyses revealed that the FMO3 gene appeared to be normal in four of the 10. Additional analyses revealed defects in several other genes that could contribute to the inability to metabolize the odorous TMA. No rare variants are found in PYROXD2 and a DMGDH, but there were associations with BHMT2, SARDH and SHMT1 genes, which directly interact with DMGDH in the gene network and may participate in the same pathway. At MEBO conference in Miami Beach, Professor Shephard talks about <a href="Shephard">microbiome and diet</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27892611/">Armpit microbiome transplantation</a> shows reduction in odor when performed from one sibling to another. </div><div><br /></div><div>Danny Kunz and his Citizen Research Group in Germany initiate a DNA sequencing study. Their simulations backed by large enzyme databases suggest that Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) may play a role. Danny proposes a new name for the condition: Intestinal Metabolic Bromhidrosis Syndrome (IMBS).</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@tmauuppodcast3566">TMAU UP Podcast</a> is launched on YouTube. Facebook's "Groups" feature spurs the creation of new private MEBO and PATM communities, marking a new era in community engagement and data sharing.</div></div><div><div><br /></div><div><b>2018-2020: Advancing Research and Understanding</b></div><div><br /></div><div>A <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.20179242v1">Microbiome study</a> of MEBO and PATM communities is initiated, registered as <a href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02683876">NCT02683876</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div>A Japanese paper confirms <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/siej/21/1/21_19/_pdf/-char/ja">PATM as a physical condition</a> connected to skin petrochemicals and microbes. Meanwhile a case report entitled "People allergic to me and body dysmorphic disorder" published in Asian Journal of Psychiatry is linking a case to a relatively common psychiatric disorder characterized by preoccupations with perceived defects in physical appearance. The average age of BDD onset was previously estimated as 15 with symptoms lasting 18 years on average without proper treatment. The prevalence of BDD is thought to be 0.7-2.4% in the general population, but the condition remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results from the <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/19005223v1">MEBO-Wishart study</a> align with previous MEBO/PATM findings but highlight the limitations of morning urine tests. A new PATM survey is conducted by an independent PATM ufferer/researcher. Average age of responders is 28. Mononucleosis due to CMV is proposed as the cause of PATM.</div><div><br /></div><div>A <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:TPHS_San_Diego/Model">UC San Diego</a> student team explores the enzymatic breakdown of TMA. New gene <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-017-0006-7">SELENBP1</a> is proposed to explain metabolic halitosis. A patent on using Mikania plant extract to inhibit the conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) is <a href="https://patents.justia.com/patent/20200138887">filed and granted</a>, based on an <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2003113062A/en">earlier patent</a> for using this plant to suppress body odor. </div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>RareConnect is established as a platform for those affected by rare diseases, including MEBO Research members. MEBO Research becomes a member. Unfortunately, by the end of 2023 it will be shut down, not being able to compete with Facebook and Reddit. Yahoo Groups shut down on December 15, 2020, for the same reason. New Instagram and WhatsApp groups are created.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>New paper "<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644620302543?via%3Dihub">Treatments of trimethylaminuria</a>: where we are and where we might be heading" is published. It reviews Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) that was <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925819468385">not especially successful</a> for reducing TMA or was only transiently effective as the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5656465/">symptoms returned</a> one year after treatment. Antibiotic treatment is also transiently effective in some patients and completely ineffective in others. Future research directions include gene therapy, enzyme replacement/enhancement therapy and gut microbiome modulation. </div><p><a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2020/11/skin-bacteria-in-gut-as-biomarkers-of.html">Peer-reviewed paper</a> examining the microbiome traits of individuals self-identifying with PATM and MEBO (<a href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02683876">NCT02683876</a>) is published in JMIR Dermatology. The study reveals that both MEBO and PATM share increased levels of malodor-associated skin bacteria compared to non-MEBO/non-PATM groups, correlating with severity of self-reported symptoms. However, both populations exhibit significant heterogeneity.</p><p><b>2021-2023: Ongoing Challenges and Future Directions</b></p><p>A <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/search?q=covid">COVID study</a> identifies flare-ups in 10-15% of the MEBO population post-infection and vaccination, possibly related to microbiome and hormonal fluctuations (<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04832932">NCT04832932</a>; peer-reviewed paper <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309347/">published in JMIR Formative Research</a>). COVID-19 has led to the emergence of new cases, with individuals developing MEBO/PATM conditions following infection and/or vaccination.</p><p>A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34729788/">cysteine challenge test</a> for hydrogen sulfide production is suggested. Florida State University's iGem team proposes a <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2023/07/unleashing-synthetic-biology-to-cure.html">synthetic biology project for TMAU</a>. </p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7806958/">New paper by Chris Callewaert</a> explores various cutting-edge approaches to skin health, including genetically engineered probiotics and microbiome transplantation. While promising, the latter method currently lacks scalability for industrial applications. The paper also delves into skin bacteriotherapy, a technique involving the application of one or multiple pure bacterial cultures with health-promoting properties to cleansed or disinfected skin areas. Additionally, the study examines the use of prebiotics applied directly to the skin to encourage the growth of beneficial microbes. Each of these innovative approaches holds promise but also presents its own set of challenges.</p><p><a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2023/08/human-skin-gas-profiles-in-patm.html">A study by Professor Sekine</a> in Nature Scientific Reports identifies volatile organic compounds as key differentiators between PATM sufferers and controls. These results align with our yet to be published findings from <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.21250101v1.full.pdf">MEBO-Menssana Alveolar Breath Test Study</a> (NCT03451994) and Microbiome study (NCT03582826). </p><p>The FSU team introduces their innovative probiotic, <a href="https://2023.igem.wiki/fsu/"><i>E.esperance</i></a>, at the <a href="https://jamboree.igem.org/2023/scheduleoZm1hAT1To7ROV3ntI">iGEM competition</a> in Paris on November 2, 2023.</p><p><br /></p><p>Despite these advancements, mainstream science remains largely uninterested in community-based research, leaving MEBO, PATM and TMAU without a definitive cure.</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-91403734079933825632023-08-20T11:41:00.016-07:002023-08-27T16:25:41.737-07:00Human Skin Gas Profiles in PATM<div><span style="color: #212121;">People Allergic to Me (PATM) is a perplexing condition that has left both sufferers and medical professionals searching for answers. Thousands of individuals worldwide claim to experience PATM, leading to severe mental health challenges such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal tendencies. Despite its far-reaching impact, the underlying causes remain mysterious, with only a few scientific studies dedicated to understanding this condition. While a small subset of PATM sufferers has been diagnosed with TMAU, the majority remain without a diagnosis. </span></div><div><span style="color: #212121;"><br /></span></div><div>A <a a="" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36615-1">new study</a> lead by Professor Sekine, recently published in Nature Scientific Reports, explores the human skin gas profiles to shed new light on PATM.<span style="color: #212121;"> </span></div><div><p><span style="background-color: white;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilDHPny67PXKTZAEaK-e2LuIv1Ih16qwu5XKkPlnWLZ_XvZQQDjnMlzA7FM1YJarv9F6ctzXhBNcE4e6iTOAC0jVVhHIQ7-E2aS5LDDTbLEYS7Nb706cNXtaMYx5EzGhu1RUXRarGZLf3x9MgN7VIc3iZ1YJD3XAuWNNDZm_HBe2tyiX7rWAtOUCVWwr40/s685/PATM-experiment.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="685" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilDHPny67PXKTZAEaK-e2LuIv1Ih16qwu5XKkPlnWLZ_XvZQQDjnMlzA7FM1YJarv9F6ctzXhBNcE4e6iTOAC0jVVhHIQ7-E2aS5LDDTbLEYS7Nb706cNXtaMYx5EzGhu1RUXRarGZLf3x9MgN7VIc3iZ1YJD3XAuWNNDZm_HBe2tyiX7rWAtOUCVWwr40/s320/PATM-experiment.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The study included 44 subjects, divided into two groups: 24 without PATM (non-PATM) and 20 with PATM. The non-PATM group involved 13 male and 11 female participants (age: 18–59, 31 ± 13 years old). The PATM group comprised 12 male and 8 female participants (age: 19–53, average 39 ± 12 years old).</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"></span></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The non-PATM group had no known diseases, while the PATM group reported symptoms of PATM without other apparent diseases.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Researchers sought to understand the skin gas profile of people with and without PATM, potentially the source of body odor or other types of emissions. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">They measured the emission rate of 75 volatile compounds from the skin using a tool called a passive flux sampler (PFS) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">PFS was designed to be convenient and unobtrusive, allowing people to use it on the go without any hassle.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Participants in the study were given a PFS device, similar in size to a bottle cap, to collect skin gas samples from their non-dominant forearm. They wore this device for an hour without any restrictions on their activities. The device was easily attached to the skin with a piece of surgical tape and didn't require any special preparation. After collecting the samples, PFS devices were</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"> sent to the laboratory and analyzed.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The PATM group exhibited significantly greater emission fluxes for a variety of chemicals, including some with offensive odors, and lower emissions of others, including some with more pleasant or neutralizing smells. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Among the 75 measured skin gases, the PATM group exhibited significantly greater emission fluxes for chemicals like alcohol 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H), aldehyde isovaleraldehyde, hexanal, acetone, toluene, m,p-xylene, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, and allyl methyl sulphide (AMS). These chemicals often have offensive odors and/or can lead to adverse health effects. The emissions of petrochemical 2E1H, and </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">aromatic hydrocarbons (with benzene ring in their structure):</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"> toluene, and m,p-xylene were notably higher in the PATM group, with increases of approximately 12, 39, and four times, respectively.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Volatile organosulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan (fecal odor, resembling </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">smell of rotten cabbage or decaying vegetables</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">), ethyl mercaptan (rotten fish, garlic, or onions), and </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Allyl Methyl Sulfide (</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">AMS, </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">garlic- or onion-like odor</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">) were also significant. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and could easily alter body odor perception in PATM subjects. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Bacteria in the oral cavity, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Anaerobic bacteria in the gut, such as Desulfovibrio species are producers of Methanethiol. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Isovaleraldehyde contributes to body odor with a pungent fruit-like smell that can also contribute to aroma of beer and cheese. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">It can be sourced from metabolic breakdown of amino acids like leucine and valine, hence dietary intake, and microbial activity in the gut by </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00166914">methylotrophic yeasts</a>. , species of Clostridium, </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Actinobacteria (</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium and Gordonia), </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Proteobacteria (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-018-0338-z">Acetobacterium</a> such as </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00166914">Gluconobacter oxydans</a></span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">), Odoribacteraceae, Ruminococcus gnavus, etc. These microbes are capable of producing </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Isovaleraldehyde </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">through anaerobic fermentation and the mevalonate-independent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/pyruvate pathway. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Greater emission of acetone might indicate eating disorders in the PATM group, as it is influenced by fasting, starvation, or diet.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The PATM group had less skin release of various substances, including some types of alcohols, smell-related chemicals, and fruity-smelling compounds. Some of these chemicals are used in flavors or fragrances and are known to have a relaxing effect.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">For example, α-pinene, β-pinene, and D-limonene have antifungal activities as well as abilities to </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">decrease depression-like behavior and improve memory via an anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism under chronic restraint stress. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">D-limonene can be consumed through the diet by eating citrus fruits or drinking citrus-flavored beverages. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Some fruity-smelling compounds are naturally found in fruits like peach and pineapple and contribute to sweet body scents.</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"> It can also be absorbed through the skin from personal care products containing citrus oils or inhaled from air.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Acetic acid smells like vinegar and is made by bacteria breaking down certain substances in sweat. It is linked to body odor in young adults. Lower skin emissions of acetic acid in the PATM group showed that sweating may not be the cause of their unique body odor. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Acetic Acid is p</span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">roduced by acetic acid bacteria, such as Acetobacter and Gluconobacter species. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Certain lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, can also produce acetic acid.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The study also looked at benzaldehyde, which might come from toluene. </span><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">People with PATM had much more skin emission of toluene but less of benzaldehyde.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The presence of benzaldehyde in the human body is typically at low levels, and its occurrence may vary based on factors such as diet, environmental exposure, individual metabolism, and gut microbiome composition. Almonds, apricots, and cherries are examples of foods that contain benzaldehyde or related compounds. Toluene is a common solvent used in various industrial and household products such as paints, glues, nail polish, and cleaning agents. Inhalation of fumes from these products can lead to toluene being present in the blood and tissues.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The ratio of toluene to benzaldehyde was much higher in the PATM group, and this ratio is seen as a key sign of PATM.</span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;">Air quality in terms of petrochemicals is worse in urban areas, </span><span style="color: #212121;">high traffic areas, i</span><span style="color: #212121;">ndustrial workspaces, p</span><span style="color: #212121;">oorly ventilated interiors, n</span><span style="color: #212121;">ewly constructed or renovated spaces, </span><span style="color: #212121;">automotive interiors, </span><span style="color: #212121;">salons and beauty parlors, </span><span style="color: #212121;">households using cleaning products containing petrochemicals, such as certain detergents, aerosol sprays, and solvents, </span><span style="color: #212121;">spaces with indoor smoking and even some healthcare facilities. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Our previous study on breath VOC profiles in PATM, TMAU and MEBO (</span><a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.21250101v1">Alveolar Breath Test Study</a> registered as <a href="https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03451994">NCT03451994</a><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">) has unveiled intriguing insights into petrochemical metabolism, indicating that non-TMAU MEBO population may have difficulties with metabolizing environmental pollutants, while the</span> <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">Microbiome study</a> (registered as <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03582826">NCT03582826</a>) <span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">uncovered possible microbial sources of compounds that differentiate PATM, TMAU and MEBO from non-MEBO & non-PATM populations. Our findings align remarkably with Professor Sekine's work.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">The synergy between these discoveries is shedding light on the underlying mechanisms and potential diagnostic markers. We will be publishing these complementary results soon, further contributing to the scientific community's knowledge of PATM, TMAU and MEBO.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;">Stay tuned for our upcoming publications, as we continue to unravel the mysteries of these conditions, working towards a future where this condition is better understood, diagnosed, and managed. </span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Fira Sans, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif" style="color: #212121;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">REFERENCES</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">Sekine Y, Oikawa D, Todaka M. Human skin gas profile of individuals with the people allergic to me phenomenon. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 10;13(1):9471. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36615-1. PMID: 37301918; PMCID: PMC10257688.</span></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-30833246899392857502023-07-08T07:16:00.006-07:002023-07-08T07:21:02.019-07:00Mobiluncus and Peptoniphilus<p>Mobiluncus is one of bacteria reducing trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine. It was also found to be associated with halitosis and bacterial vaginosis. We documented this bacterium in the gut and vaginal samples of several participants of our <a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/Studies/mebo-patm-docs">microbiome study</a>. A new paper found Mobiluncus in umbilical dirt of the high odor score group. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7Nl7C1THHVwZGpSwVrzhRWMgEHPsHTPLRqJ7cYWA5DLcfzXjKLKu5UhDaMcqvfpHWH88j86MCfUHtb_nYwkKNShtARSV-JJRNVxXftglyrxEBQcFIdzLdSRtYlcjcYsovTcDxItW-uOlUtk4B9c2zGS4t08JDUWo0xX1Fmg2VIpbY5LoqL-qxBP-U8AK/s531/umbilicaldirt.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="209" data-original-width="531" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7Nl7C1THHVwZGpSwVrzhRWMgEHPsHTPLRqJ7cYWA5DLcfzXjKLKu5UhDaMcqvfpHWH88j86MCfUHtb_nYwkKNShtARSV-JJRNVxXftglyrxEBQcFIdzLdSRtYlcjcYsovTcDxItW-uOlUtk4B9c2zGS4t08JDUWo0xX1Fmg2VIpbY5LoqL-qxBP-U8AK/s320/umbilicaldirt.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Since odor scores did not show a normal distribution, samples were divided into two groups, one with an odor score ≥2.0 and one <2. Well-known resident bacteria of skin, such as Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium, were not detected, whereas some anaerobic bacteria, including Mobiluncus (q-value=2.1E-33), Arcanobacterium (q-value=4.5E-22), and Peptoniphilus (q-value=4.3E-17), were highly abundant in umbilical dirt samples with high odor scores. The same genera were detected when samples were divided into two groups with an odor score ≥1.5 as the criterion.</p><p>By a predictive metagenome analysis using Picrust2, the authors identified genes that appeared to be specific to umbilical dirt with high odor scores. Metabolic pathways common to the extracted gene groups were analyzed by GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis). Anaerobic metabolic pathways, such as methane metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, were more abundant in the high odor score group, and secondary metabolite production pathways, such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and quorum sensing, were also identified.</p><p>While, Mobiluncus is associated with halitosis and bacterial vaginosis, <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">Peptinophilus contributes to underarm odor</a> by producing chemicals such as butyric acid. Acetobacter is one of species that could be counteracting the undesirable odors in this context. </p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="color: #1a254c;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Yano T, Okajima T, Tsuchiya S, Tsujimura H. Microbiota in Umbilical Dirt and Its Relationship with Odor. Microbes Environ. 2023;38(3). doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME23007. PMID: 37407492.</span></span></p><p><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="color: #1a254c;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Valerie M, Milaine T, Aicha N, Roger A, Patrick MJ, Ibrahima D, Nehemie D, Laure N, Angeline B. Survey on Intravaginal Practices among Women of Reproductive Age at the Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital of Yaounde: Association with Bacterial Vaginosis Caused by Gardnerella Vaginalis and Mobiluncus. International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Research Studies. 2023 Jan 30;3(1):121-6.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gabashvili IS Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial. JMIR Dermatol 2020;3(1):e10508 doi: <span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><a aria-label="DOI number 10.2196/10508" data-test="article-doi" href="https://doi.org/10.2196/10508" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #1e70c2; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">10.2196/10508</a></span></span></p><p><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="color: #1a254c; font-size: x-small;">Zhang L, Hong Q, Yu C, Wang R, Li C, Liu S. Acetobacter sp. improves the undesirable odors of fermented noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice. Food Chemistry. 2023 Feb 1;401:134126. </span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-21253448721570478722023-07-05T13:24:00.002-07:002023-07-05T13:26:56.765-07:00Digital Forensics and Sensory Forecasting through VOC Analysis<p>Everyone leaves a trace, whether it's a tangible object, invisible DNA, or even an odor. </p><p><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0286452.g001" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="800" height="168" src="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure/image?size=large&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0286452.g001" width="320" /></a></p><p>In a recent study, a team of scientists achieved a remarkable 96% accuracy in determining human sex using a machine learning model guided by human expertise. Researchers collected hand odor samples from 60 individuals and analyzed them using Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results revealed distinct VOC signatures that allowed for the classification and prediction of gender. Various dimensional reduction techniques were employed to interpret the data, such as Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Orthogonal-Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The highest discrimination and classification of subject gender were observed with OPLS-DA and LDA as confidence level ellipses of both models were not seen to intersect. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/10300318/bin/gr2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="760" height="330" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/10300318/bin/gr2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>In another study, a combination of deep learning, chemometrics, and sensory evaluation proved effective in distinguishing between various methods of roasting food. The researchers employed E-nose and E-tongue devices, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC–MS to differentiate lamb shashliks prepared through traditional charcoal grilling and four alternative methods. The results showed that these techniques effectively identified the characteristic flavors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with each roasting method. The clustering heat maps were generated using TBtools and Python was used to run SVM, RF, XGBoost, DNN 5-layer, CNN-SVM, and t-SNE. The CNN-SVM model outperformed other models in predicting VOC content and identifying the specific roasting methods. <p></p><p><br /></p>REFERENCES<div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>Chantrell J. G. Frazier ,Vidia A. Gokool ,Howard K. Holness,DeEtta K. Mills,Kenneth G. Furton. Multivariate regression modelling for gender prediction using volatile organic compounds from hand odor profiles via HS-SPME-GC-MS Published: July 5, 2023</div><div>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286452</div></div><div><br /><p>Shen C, Cai Y, Ding M, Wu X, Cai G, Wang B, Gai S, Liu D. Predicting VOCs content and roasting methods of lamb shashliks using deep learning combined with chemometrics and sensory evaluation. Food Chem X. 2023 Jun 14;19:100755. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100755. PMID: 37389322; PMCID: PMC10300318.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-84083380564593161212023-05-22T14:02:00.004-07:002023-05-22T14:02:35.450-07:00Exploring the Potential of Bioactive Textiles<p style="text-align: left;">The advancements in textile technology led to fabrics that not only clothe us but also promote a healthier and safer lifestyle. From antimicrobial and antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory and anti-odor capabilities, along with protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and repelling unwanted elements, these textiles are setting a new standard for comfort, protection, and style. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0939641123001182-ga1_lrg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="800" height="209" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0939641123001182-ga1_lrg.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p>In an upcoming paper set to appear in the European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37182552/">online ahead of print</a>), the impact of bioactive textiles on human skin microbiota is extensively reviewed. </p><p>The paper highlights the growing recognition that textile materials have a profound impact on the microorganisms present on the skin, leading to issues such as biological degradation, loss of strength, elongation, discoloration, and unpleasant odors (see <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/11/1709">Van Herreweghen et al</a>). The emergence of "maskne," a form of mechanical acne resulting from continuous textile-skin adherence, further underscores the significance of this impact, causing dysbiosis in the skin microbiota and the growth of specific disease-associated species. </p><p>Additionally, clothing textiles can act as carriers of microorganisms, posing risks of cross-infection, disease transmission, allergies, and malodors among individuals (<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-021-03826-3">reviewed in this paper</a>). To address these challenges posed by microbial growth on textiles, the textile industry has made the search for new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties a top priority.</p><p>While functional textiles offer promising solutions, further research is needed to fully understand their environmental impact. To enhance the functionality of textiles and mitigate harm, the use of natural dyes derived from herbs, such as black cherry stems and hops flowers, is being explored. This approach not only improves functionality but also aligns with eco-friendly practices. Achieving the full potential of bioactive textiles requires interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing together expertise from various fields to develop safe and effective products that promote human health and safety.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>Suellen Ferro de Oliveira C, Kekhasharú Tavaria F. The impact of bioactive textiles on human skin microbiota. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2023 May 12:S0939-6411(23)00118-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.05.004. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37182552.</p><p>Van Herreweghen F, Amberg C, Marques R, Callewaert C. Biological and chemical processes that lead to textile malodour development. Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 31;8(11):1709.</p><p>Gulati R, Sharma S, Sharma RK. Antimicrobial textile: recent developments and functional perspective. Polymer Bulletin. 2022 Aug;79(8):14346-14364, DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2064391</p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-24263577441818507372023-03-23T18:02:00.009-07:002024-01-27T05:54:16.470-08:00Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and other emerging probiotics<p>In the past few decades, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera were the main bacteria to be used as probiotics. One of the reasons for such attention was that these bacteria have the ability to thrive aerobically and are simple to package for sale. Cass Nelson-Dooley and Tony Hoffman of Metametrix (acquired by Genova Diagnostics in 2012) talked about these probiotics in <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2009/03/interview-with-cass-nelson-dooley-of.html">MEBO interviews</a> in 2009, emphasizing that high levels of Lactobacillus could be bad in some cases. Diets rich in simple carbs, poor absorption and small intestinal pockets can feed and trap excess Lactobacillus. Adding probiotics Bifidobacteria or Saccharomyces boulardii and prebiotic fiber to the diet could, in their opinion, help the MEBO population. D-lactate was one of the tests they offered that measured the level of this byproduct of bacterial fermentation, indicating an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine. According to our early clinical studies, D-lactate, however, was <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/139014v1">elevated in less than 20%</a> of MEBO and PATM populations. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDdcdwT2j2cipciQh18zUtXz80JZsl_c-GSKXugR9LC9z366HRZcgxJZEzMWKltbzJyqrIkz19RFW_HLlro0mPcIB9IsdKRaK6Lb8CuFAtxAy_RFM7KOcyAF21qaYgoFNgo_10-mN-wjXXddmVxyNsHDkr6WebXt-UTPJT1l4efUNr6tilhkXepgmDA/s1280/Lacto-andBifido.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZDdcdwT2j2cipciQh18zUtXz80JZsl_c-GSKXugR9LC9z366HRZcgxJZEzMWKltbzJyqrIkz19RFW_HLlro0mPcIB9IsdKRaK6Lb8CuFAtxAy_RFM7KOcyAF21qaYgoFNgo_10-mN-wjXXddmVxyNsHDkr6WebXt-UTPJT1l4efUNr6tilhkXepgmDA/s320/Lacto-andBifido.png" width="320" /></a></div><p>Even though Lactobacillus is only a minor member of the human colonic microbiota, the proportions of those bacteria and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37014231/">particular strains</a> are frequently either positively or negatively correlated with human disease and chronic conditions. Although it generally is not considered a pathogen, it can cause disease in compromised hosts, including bacterial endocarditis, pleuropulmonary infections, gastrointestinal abscesses, urinary tract infection, conjunctivitis, dental caries, and endometritis. <a href="https://journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2004/04000/Two_Cases_of_Lactobacillus_Bacteremia_During.17.aspx">Lactobacillus bacteremia</a>, presumably secondary to bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract, has been reported in a patient with severe intestinal inflammation caused by ulcerative colitis. A <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Meta%E2%80%90Analysis-of-Gut-Dysbiosis-in-Parkinson's-Nishiwaki-Ito/f19ece8840a5a36a209cdc32c8602afbcd3d60bd">decrease in genus Faecalibacterium</a> and increase in Lactobacillaceae has been previously reported in patients with constipation (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37019193/">Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P9</a> supplementation, on the other hand, helped to increase frequency of bowel movements, while <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38257918/">L11 improved gut health and odor in cats</a>). Compared to healthy individuals, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312815003777">pediatric</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3911339/">adult</a> Crohn's disease (CD) patients had an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus species. In both cases, Lactobacillus enrichment coincided with depletion of F. prausnitzii - that could represent a good candidate as next-generation probiotic. Another study found that <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38032191/">Weissella cibaria ZWC030</a> can inhibit scatole. </p><p>The percentages of Bifidobacterium and the Lactobacillus group presented a <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/JCM.01500-13">decreasing trend</a> in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to active UC, although no significant differences were observed. Excessive amounts of Bifidobacteria can have negative effects on the body, such as in the case of <a href="https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2022/01000/Clinical_and_Bacteriologic_Characteristics_of_Six.16.aspx">Bifidobacterium breve bacteremia</a> caused by excessive probiotic supplementation in infants with gastrointestinal conditions. On the other hand, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and F. prausnitzii are depleted in IBS patients, resulting in lower SCFA concentrations (short-chain fatty acids, which are organic acids produced by gut bacteria during fermentation of indigestible foods) compared with healthy individuals. Maternal prenatal stress could also cause lower levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and keep them low even later in life. With lower levels of Bifidobacterium, <a href="https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/HBckGkc5wxH5dT8TKSqMcZj/?lang=en">celiac patients have an imbalance</a> in the intestinal microbiota, regardless of pH, even while on a gluten-free diet. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1147585/full">Hormone treatment affects Bifidobacterium longum's ability to produce acids</a>: progesterone reduces lactic acid and acetic acid production, while estradiol and thyroxine increase levels of both lactic acid and acetic acid (ethinyl estradiol) or lactic acid and butyric acid (thyroxine hormone). </p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhljFOXX2GbNKH8HkSC4j2M2LJ90wO98SMC9ZjaD2-163XM49SSXDdlLI7hybextp5Suv1BbhqR4cjAaHDU3UhDOEy-nImh7dCJ6yo-qGZ4wZXmeZaonzkAdY0ChqyxBr_B6yHrBZt3sqPZXIlpP15cmj6OAtLz1TVYN6kEn4l1dS_X5cbKkgwsMi8Kmg/s1030/F5plus.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="1030" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhljFOXX2GbNKH8HkSC4j2M2LJ90wO98SMC9ZjaD2-163XM49SSXDdlLI7hybextp5Suv1BbhqR4cjAaHDU3UhDOEy-nImh7dCJ6yo-qGZ4wZXmeZaonzkAdY0ChqyxBr_B6yHrBZt3sqPZXIlpP15cmj6OAtLz1TVYN6kEn4l1dS_X5cbKkgwsMi8Kmg/s320/F5plus.png" width="320" /></a></div></div>Data from our microbiome study (<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03582826">NCT03582826: Microbial Basis of Systemic Malodor and "People Allergic To Me" Conditions - ClinicalTrials.gov</a>) show that while there was a general trend of increasing levels of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in individuals who achieve remission, less than 10% of participants needed to boost levels of both species to improve their condition. In line with previous knowledge, in MEBO/PATM population, Bifidobacteria (one of the first microbes to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract) was more common in younger individuals. About one third of the participants experienced lesser symptoms when increasing levels of their gut Bifidobacteria, another third benefited from more Lactobacillus and the remaining third felt better when increasing levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (a butyrate-producing anaerobe typically associated with good health). Changes in the levels of these bacteria corresponding to recovering are overlayed on Figure 5 from <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">our paper </a>published in JMIR dermatology. It was illustrating changes in microbial diversity vs abundances of selected bacterial species associated with odor (CSS) for 12 female (F1-F12) and 10 male (M1-M19) participants who self-reported both flare-ups (beginning of the arrow) and improvements (end of the arrow). We added text boxes showing whether the levels of F. prausnitzii (F), Bifidobacterium (B) and Lactobacillus (L) are increasing (🡹) , decreasing (🡻) or fluctuating (🡺) as symptoms resolve. It is obvious that individuals with the highest bacterial diversity don't benefit from increasing levels of probiotic diversity, while those with low diversity levels do need more probiotic microbes in their system. The figure demonstrates the complexity of these bacterial perturbations and emphasizes the need to consider more than just three species when predicting which treatment will work best for reducing MEBO and PATM symptoms. <div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9naGORnLP4_5advGrQRpjdwnLdSN9-HUlUOTV2X5BlRG0f5X8gWLNJoEKef67EO8q6JZa9W9ukqLysWITWF-Yx9kc3__SVHDKQgzCgf-oCrv6y0f0nkHgnrIheuwQJMbjqNmVIbJgD-QuUYSgNugV9M5vjUgyGIfXoAc1GZaZuBI5w4FY_7BNee4uIQ/s1153/LBP-blog.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1153" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9naGORnLP4_5advGrQRpjdwnLdSN9-HUlUOTV2X5BlRG0f5X8gWLNJoEKef67EO8q6JZa9W9ukqLysWITWF-Yx9kc3__SVHDKQgzCgf-oCrv6y0f0nkHgnrIheuwQJMbjqNmVIbJgD-QuUYSgNugV9M5vjUgyGIfXoAc1GZaZuBI5w4FY_7BNee4uIQ/s320/LBP-blog.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>As we mentioned in the previous blog post, Lactobacillus is the main genera responsible for odors of the <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/">uncooked food waste</a>. Some strains of Lactobacillus produce lactic acid, which can contribute to a more acidic environment in the gut. This can be beneficial for some people, but for others it can exacerbate odor issues. Bifidobacteria could also produce organic acids such as acetic acid and lactic acid in addition to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which can have anti-inflammatory effects and promote gut health, but some people may find it unpleasantly smelling. F. prausnitzii produces <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00300-15#fig2">a range of metabolites</a> including one of the worst smelling compounds Putrescine. F. prausnitzii plays important role in balancing immunity. Its butyrate production has been correlated to the capacity to induce IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not to the ability to block IL-8 secretion in TNF-α-stimulated HT-29 cells. In COVID-19, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has been inversely correlated with disease severity. </p><p>Research has shown that the gut microbiome is far more complex than previously thought, with hundreds of bacterial species interacting in a delicate balance. Therefore, focusing solely on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, or any other bacterium, may not be enough to promote a healthy gut microbiome for everyone. Besides, different strains of bacteria within the same species can have different effects on the body.</p><p>After more than a century of research, the following species are identified as the primary probiotic species of Lactobacillus species: L.acidophilus, L.casei, L.fermentum, L.gasseri, L.johnsonii, L.paracasei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and L. salivarius. For Bifidobacteria these are: B.adolescentis, B.animalis, B.bifidum, B.breve, and B.longum. We are learning more about strains of these species. Novel probiotic strain Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 is active against the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori - and so are variations of Saccharomyces Boulardii and Lactobacilli johnsonii. Another strain L. plantarum 299v can directly interfere with E. coli colonization and improve the immunological status of the intestinal mucosa although these results have not yet been confirmed in humans. Lactobacillus GR-1 and B-54 or RC-14 strains in the vagina has been shown to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756155/">Mileti et al.</a> found that Lactobacillus paracasei displayed a delay in the development of colitis and a decreased severity of disease but that L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus GG exacerbated the development of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. </p><p><a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/msb4100190">L. rhamnosus supplementation</a> contributes to <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01030911">higher intestinal absorption of free choline and elevated production of methylamines</a> including TMA, whereas L. paracasei consumption may result in increasing bacterial consumption of choline for <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/msb4100190">cholesterol assimilation</a> and <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/msb4100190">phospholipid metabolism</a> rather than for methylamine metabolism.</p><p>Bifidobacterium supplemented with various fiber additives can prevent the growth of Clostridium difficile, while Lactobacillus salivarius protects the broiler chicks from Salmonella infections. Several strains of other species promising as probiotics are from Roseburia spp., Akkermansia spp., and Faecalibacterium spp. Probiotic potential risk score (PPRS) allowed to classify<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.919701/full"> 84 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains</a> into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. 15 strains identified as low-risk strains are prioritized for clinical application. </p><p>Unfortunately, the extreme oxygen sensitivity of F. prausnitzii imposes practical challenges to the production, transportation, storage, and manufacturing of probiotic products to be evaluated in a clinical setting. Instead, we have to turn to prebiotics - a type of dietary fiber - in our food . F. prausnitzii's growth is promoted by inulin, inositol (vitamin B8) and fructo-oligosaccharides, chicory roots, wheat, onion, banana, garlic, and leek, wheat, rye, rice, barley, oat, and sorghum, and <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/consumption-of-kiwifruit-capsules-increases-faecalibacterium-prausnitzii-abundance-in-functionally-constipated-individuals-a-randomised-controlled-human-trial/83E241786640976662CCBC620F8D7C69">gold kiwifruit</a>. </p><p>Gut microbiota can be also influenced by phytochemicals. In one study, black raspberry (BR) reduced the serum levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide and cholesterol in rats fed excessive choline with a high-fat diet (HFC). The authors hypothesized that since gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the production of trimethylamine and microbial metabolites, BR could influence gut microbial composition. Their study examined microbiomes and metabolomes of rats and showed that the BR supplementation <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10068-023-01267-4">enriched Bifidobacterium</a> and reduced Clostridium cluster XIVa. </p><p>While we have made significant progress in understanding the role of probiotics and prebiotics in supporting our gut health, it's important to recognize that there is still a great deal that we don't know. It's becoming increasingly clear that a personalized approach to prebiotic and probiotic use may be necessary to achieve optimal health outcomes. This approach involves paying attention to how different foods make you feel and adjusting your diet accordingly, while eating a diverse and balanced diet that incorporates a variety of whole foods and phytochemicals, staying hydrated, getting enough sleep and exercise, and managing stress levels. Focusing on overall health and well-being will help to support the body's natural ability to maintain a healthy microbiome and avoid dysbiosis-related health issues.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><br /></p><p>Din AU, Hassan A, Zhu Y, Yin T, Gregersen H, Wang G. Amelioration of TMAO through probiotics and its potential role in atherosclerosis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019 Dec;103:9217-28.</p><p>Pacifico L, Osborn JF, Bonci E, Romaggioli S, Baldini R, Chiesa C. Probiotics for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(3): 673-683 [PMID: 24574741 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.673] </p><p>Lim T, Lee K, Kim RH, Ryu J, Cha KH, Park SY, Koo SY, Hwang KT. Effects of black raspberry extract on gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and expressions of the genes involved in cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms in rats fed excessive choline with a high-fat diet. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2023 Feb 13;32(4):577-587. doi: 10.1007/s10068-023-01267-4. PMID: 36911337; PMCID: PMC9992478.</p><p>Heeney DD, Gareau MG, Marco ML. Intestinal Lactobacillus in health and disease, a driver or just along for the ride?. Current opinion in biotechnology. 2018 Feb 1;49:140-7.</p><div>Martín R, Miquel S, Benevides L, Bridonneau C, Robert V, Hudault S, Chain F, Berteau O, Azevedo V, Chatel JM, Sokol H. Functional characterization of novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains isolated from healthy volunteers: a step forward in the use of F. prausnitzii as a next-generation probiotic. Frontiers in microbiology. 2017 Jun 30;8:1226.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, Ahluwalia N. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nature medicine. 2021 Apr;27(4):601-15.</div><div><br /></div><div>Bai Z, Zhang N, Jin Y, Chen L, Mao Y, Sun L, Fang F, Liu Y, Han M, Li G. Comprehensive analysis of 84 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains uncovers their genetic diversity, functional characteristics, and potential risks. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2023 Jan 4;12:1924.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Gabashvili I.S. Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial. JMIR Dermatol 2020;3(1):e10508 URL: <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508">https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508</a> DOI: 10.2196/10508</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Rašić, J.L., Vujičić, I.F., Škrinjar, M. et al. Assimilation of cholesterol by some cultures of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Biotechnol Lett 14, 39–44 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01030911</div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-85434585091291395372023-01-25T13:46:00.016-08:002023-04-08T11:11:45.684-07:00Food, Hormones and Odor Pollution<p>While there is not enough research on human odors, there are plenty of studies that can be related to this topic. Scientific papers published in January are about goats, fish, fermented food and biological waste. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqldVCs7A5sUQ1YlnnptfSVPCB254yP6hdQBStRyNsqKrtr0gPE3oDoptMouZVvic7cHFEW6NxPSe25WlO1r7-d7wbRq0dc6dlDcPInnginLpAYvHH1F1noFlM7Oe3h3N4N9M4Eh_bFZLeRIpFJhrzkYd2x4o_LPOPdepU2Z-Rkkf6qiivCxzji2yytg/s820/illustration-jan25-2023.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="820" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqldVCs7A5sUQ1YlnnptfSVPCB254yP6hdQBStRyNsqKrtr0gPE3oDoptMouZVvic7cHFEW6NxPSe25WlO1r7-d7wbRq0dc6dlDcPInnginLpAYvHH1F1noFlM7Oe3h3N4N9M4Eh_bFZLeRIpFJhrzkYd2x4o_LPOPdepU2Z-Rkkf6qiivCxzji2yytg/s320/illustration-jan25-2023.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>It is worth examining some of the latest findings and how they may be translated into take-home messages for humans.</p><p>1. Intermittent fasting could improve body odor. </p><p>At least for fish. The study aimed to investigate the response of intestinal microbiota during <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12223-022-01027-7">3 weeks’ starvation</a> of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), found that food deprivation helped to improve the odor of an economically important freshwater fish by reducing earthy-musty off-flavor compounds such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. The study revealed that certain actinobacteria such as Microbacterium and Nocardioides were able to grow better than Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Microbacterium when the fish were in a fasted state. This suggests that intermittent fasting may help to improve body odor by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing the growth of odor-causing bacteria. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings in human studies. Besides, our own data show that people smell worse when starving themselves and it is a good idea to not go overboard. </p><p>2. Adding fiber to diet and reducing stress levels can improve body odor. </p><p>Korean native black goats (KNBG) are able to adapt to a wide variety of climatic conditions and foraging preferences. Twenty-four KNBG (48.6 ± 1.4 kg) were randomly<a href="https://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/ab-22-0378.pdf"> allocated to one of four treatments</a> featuring different dietary forage (high in fiber) to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs. non-castration [NCA] - aka higher levels of sex hormones, stress hormones). The animals were maintained on a free-choice feed and water regimen.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtqqYA5avFv0PXtMcM_pLMObDMBg6cp1rFBFeuE_2DHw-7_LA1h-uRcxcwmQ2NBavGha7hTWiFFr7qLLimfEVuMh4KIUi1PICcPGzF1a6erzPnCozBwrXLLBpX_932Ypo-lYsB4LChruRnqiRX5VtET5aWy0pY95pwBudW5OYWq4K3iGO-4xHKHg4kg/s1842/PCA-goats.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1842" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAtqqYA5avFv0PXtMcM_pLMObDMBg6cp1rFBFeuE_2DHw-7_LA1h-uRcxcwmQ2NBavGha7hTWiFFr7qLLimfEVuMh4KIUi1PICcPGzF1a6erzPnCozBwrXLLBpX_932Ypo-lYsB4LChruRnqiRX5VtET5aWy0pY95pwBudW5OYWq4K3iGO-4xHKHg4kg/s320/PCA-goats.png" width="320" /></a></div>The intensity of a strong “goaty” flavor was remarkably enhanced when non-castrated KNBG were fed with the low forage diet. Better smelling goats had more hydrocarbons and ketones while worse smelling ones were higher in aliphatic aldehydes, possibly owing to the activity of testosterone, androsterone, and skatole. For volatile compounds, dichloromethane (chloroform-like odor) and m-xylene (plastic odor) were reported to be linked with the “strong lamb odor” influenced by dietary selection. <div><br /></div><div><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37023593/">10% fermented</a> mixed feed supplementation (compared to 5% or 0%) helped to improve flavor of pork by increasing the contents of total aldehydes, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, dodecanal, nonanal and 2-decenal, along with inosine monophosphate. </div><div><p></p><p>A healthy gut microbiome may positively influence sex hormones by regulating the appetite and reducing insulin resistance. Acute psychosocial stress, on the other hand, causes <a href="ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407091/">unhealthy fluctuations in sex hormone levels</a>. </p><p>Here are a few tables compiled from the goat diet/hormones article:</p><table style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0px; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0px; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border-color: inherit; border-image: initial; border-spacing: var(--tw-border-spacing-x) var(--tw-border-spacing-y); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.71429; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 2em; table-layout: auto; text-indent: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; width: 652.998px;"><thead style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-th-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;"><th style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: rgba(236, 236, 241, 0.2); border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-top-left-radius: 0.375rem; border-width: 1px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-headings); padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: bottom;">Microbe Genus</th><th style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: rgba(236, 236, 241, 0.2); border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-headings); padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: bottom;">Compounds positively correlated</th><th style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: rgba(236, 236, 241, 0.2); border-top-right-radius: 0.375rem; border: 1px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--tw-prose-headings); padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: bottom;">Compounds negatively correlated.</th></tr></thead><tbody style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Flexilinea</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C16:0 (Palmitic acid, oily smell)</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:2n6 (Methyl linoleate, oily odor), C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid, <a href="http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1045901.html">oily, low odor</a>), PUFA</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Ihubacter</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C16:0 (Palmitic acid, oily smell)</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:2n6, C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid), PUFA
</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Ruminococcus</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C16:0 (Palmitic acid, oily smell)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Christensenella</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:0 (Stearic acid), PUFA</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C16:1n7 (Palmitoleic Acid, Cardioprotective - smells like Old Books)
</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Lachnoclostridium</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:1n9 Oleic acid)</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:2n6, C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid),, PUFA
</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Treponema</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:0 (Stearic acid), C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid), C20:4n6 (Arachidonic acid: from marine, at low concentrations, to intense orange-citrus and animal-like <a href="http://www.imreblank.ch/JAFC_2001_49_2959.pdf">odor</a>)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Succiniclasticum</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:1n7 (Vaccenic acid), C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid)</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Desulfovibrio</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:1n7 (Vaccenic acid)</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Blautia</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:2n6 (Linolelaidic acid)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Rhabdanaerobium</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Gracilibacter</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Butyrivibrio</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C18:3n3 (Linoleic acid)</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Paraprevotella</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C20:4n6, C22:4n6</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td></tr><tr style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-color: var(--tw-prose-td-borders); border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-right-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.375rem; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">Intestinimonas</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">C22:4n6</td><td style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.375rem; border-color: rgb(217, 217, 227); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0.25rem 0.75rem; vertical-align: baseline;">-</td></tr></tbody></table><p>This table summarizes the relationship between meat fatty- composition and rumen bacteria at the genus level. </p><p>Higher levels of carbohydrates may promote the persistence and flavor formation of Z. rouxii (Zygosaccharomyces, a genus of yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae) in the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/1/197">moromi soy sauce</a>, and it changes its aroma profile. Not sure if it is to the better or worse. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048969722077154-ga1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="193" data-original-width="500" height="193" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0048969722077154-ga1.jpg" width="500" /></a></div><p>3. Acinetobacter is associated with fish odor and the odor of biowaste. It is also associated with odor in MEBO and PATM populations - this is one of not yet published results of our <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.20179242v1">microbiome study</a> (in addition to <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">skin bacteria</a>)</p><p>A study to be published in print in the February issue of "Science of The Total Environment", examined odor profiles of cooked and uncooked food waste.</p><p>Odor pollution often occurs in the initial decomposition stage of municipal biowaste, including throwing/collection and transportation. However, this aspect of odor impact from municipal biowaste has not been well studied. In Nie and colleagues' experiments, a practical dustbin (120 L) equipped with flux chamber and filled with three types of municipal biowaste was used to simulate garbage storage conditions. The result indicated that the emission rate of odor pollutants for uncooked food waste (UFW) represented a nearly linear growth trend, reaching the maximum (3963 ± 149 μg kg−1 DM h−1) at 72 h. Cooked food waste (CFW) increased rapidly from 8 h to 24 h, and then remain fluctuated, reached the maximum (2026 ± 77 μg kg−1 DM h−1) at 72 h. Comparatively, household kitchen waste (HKW) reached the maximum emission rate (10,396 ± 363 μg kg−1 DM h−1) at 16 h. Sulfide and aldehydes ketones were identified as dominant odor contributor to UFW and CFW, respectively. While aldehydes ketones and sulfides were both dominant odor contributor to HKW. Moreover, the microbial diversity analysis suggests that Acinetobacter was the dominant genus in UFW, and Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in CFW and HKW. In addition, it was evident that each odorous pollutant was significantly associated with two or more bacterial genera, and most bacterial genera such as Acinetobacter, were also significantly associated with multiple odorous pollutants. The variation of odorants composition kept consistent with microbial composition. The present study could provide essential evidence for a comprehensive understanding of odorant generation in the initial decomposition stage of municipal biowaste. It could contribute to setting out strategies for odor control and abatement in municipal biowaste management systems.</p><p>The highest emission was observed in household kitchen waste with alcohol esters.</p><p>The highest total odor activity values were observed in uncooked food waste.</p><p>Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in household kitchen waste and cooked food waste.</p><p>Acinetobacter was the dominant genus in uncooked food waste. </p><p>The variation of odorants composition kept consistent with microbial composition.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 16px;">Lee J, Kim HJ, Lee SS, Kim KW, Kim DK, Lee SH, Lee ED, Choi BH, Barido FH, Jang A. Effects of diet and castration on fatty acid composition and volatile compounds in the meat of Korean native black goats. Anim Biosci. 2023 Jan 11. doi: 10.5713/ab.22.0378. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36634653. <a href="https://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/ab-22-0378.pdf">download pdf</a></span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Zou S, Ni M, Liu M, Xu Q, Zhou D, Gu Z, Yuan J. Starvation alters gut microbiome and mitigates off-flavors in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Folia Microbiologica. 2023 Jan 13:1-2.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Lülf RH, Selg-Mann K, Hoffmann T, Zheng T, Schirmer M, Ehrmann MA. Carbohydrate Sources Influence the Microbiota and Flavour Profile of a Lupine-Based Moromi Fermentation. Foods. 2023 Jan 2;12(1):197. doi: 10.3390/foods12010197. PMID: 36613413; PMCID: PMC9818829.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Nie E, Wang W, Duan H, Zhang H, He P, Lü F. Emission of odor pollutants and variation in microbial community during the initial decomposition stage of municipal biowaste. Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 25;861:160612. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160612. Epub 2022 Nov 29. PMID: 36455726.</span></p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Shi Q, Tang X, Liu BQ, Liu WH, Li H, Luo YY. Correlation between microbial communities and key odourants in fermented capsicum inoculated with Pediococcus pentosaceus and Cyberlindnera rhodanensis. J Sci Food Agric. 2023 Feb;103(3):1139-1151. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.12321. Epub 2022 Nov 24. PMID: 36349455.</span></p><p><span style="color: #212121;">Gabashvili IS </span><span style="color: #212121;">Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial </span><span style="color: #212121;">JMIR Dermatol 2020;3(1):e10508 </span><span style="color: #212121;">doi: </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1a254c; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #1a254c; font-size: 14px;"><a aria-label="DOI number 10.2196/10508" data-test="article-doi" href="https://doi.org/10.2196/10508" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #1e70c2; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">10.2196/10508</a></span></p><p><a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/odors/search_results.html">Search Odors (cdc.gov)</a> - database of toxic chemicals</p><p><span face="BlinkMacSystemFont, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"></span></p><p><a href="https://senselab.med.yale.edu/OdorDB/">OdorDB: Home (yale.edu)</a></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-18872000750796449642022-12-20T14:06:00.009-08:002023-01-20T16:11:58.561-08:00Current Trends in DeodorizationIn the Victorian era, people would wash off with a sponge soaked in cool water and vinegar, use sweat-absorbing pads in armpit areas and overwhelm unpleasant smells with perfume. The most popular scent was ambergris known for its marine, sweat and earthy scent with a fecal note (if not properly aged). Since energy was obtained from burning of fuels, large amounts of sulfur were always present in the air, covering odors of animal and human waste released into river and streams. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxzbNkCRgb5mWis6FYtt2aNT8BxsikStxE76So8DfGcjxpNjWx6lBO1EzsO-GTw7nwzWHRlD4_DHl_0RJQBkCBLbaHoJFNaM8KVtVjMJPocMZLSgvCEXjzMYsu45MEfWm4wINbS4NoD0g9_VFl4p_4C34rAGZYaGKgFsPq3xRrcL4UgG6z9KeoQpYHbg/s643/Skincare_Aurametrixblog.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="552" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxzbNkCRgb5mWis6FYtt2aNT8BxsikStxE76So8DfGcjxpNjWx6lBO1EzsO-GTw7nwzWHRlD4_DHl_0RJQBkCBLbaHoJFNaM8KVtVjMJPocMZLSgvCEXjzMYsu45MEfWm4wINbS4NoD0g9_VFl4p_4C34rAGZYaGKgFsPq3xRrcL4UgG6z9KeoQpYHbg/s320/Skincare_Aurametrixblog.png" width="275" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Engineers eventually designed centralized closed water sewage treatment systems and modern plumbing, enabling rigorous personal hygiene. But in the early 1900s, fear-based marketing convinced people that <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-advertisers-convinced-americans-they-smelled-bad-12552404/">they smelled bad</a>, and this turned niche deodorant trades into a $22 billion industry. Odorono (from "Odor? Oh No!") was one of the first antiperspirants at the forefront of this transformation. </div><div><br /></div><div>The use of antiperspirant deodorants has been declining in recent years due to their potential effect on health and environment, and the availability of more natural and organic alternatives. COVID-19 pandemics has also negatively affected the deodorant market. As a result, the demand for deodorization has decreased during these times. But innovation continues.</div><div><br /></div><div>Across North America, the deodorants market witnessed growth of few brands creating antiperspirants intended for alternative body parts, such as hands, face, and feet. For example, Gamer Grip Hand Antiperspirant, designed for athletes to improve their grip, has a lasting fragrance for 4 to 6 hours. Neat 3B Face Saver is an antiperspirant gel for the face that can be applied before makeup. Carpe No-Sweat Face is a natural, sweat absorbing gelled lotion created with sweat absorbing ingredients like jojoba esters, vitamin B3, silica microspheres, aloe vera, and colloidal oatmeal.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the early 2000s, new types of deodorants appeared on the market. <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2012/11/come-out-smelling-like-rose.html">Deo Perfume Candy</a>, Swallowable Parfum, and Otoko Kaoru were designed as edibles, and the fragrance was supposed to be released from the user's mouth and nose. However, these products were eventually discontinued due to safety concerns, as well as their lack of popularity. </div><div><br /></div><div>Beginning in the mid-2000s, many clothing companies started incorporating silver nanoparticles into their products including nano-engineered anti-odor textiles. While the technology was initially developed for use in the medical industry (antimicrobial wound dressings), nano-porous materials in clothing presented another way to manage body odor. These materials offered the potential to make traditional deodorants old-fashioned or even obsolete. </div><div><br /></div><div>Ag nanoparticles, for example, are effective at slowing the growth of bacteria that cause body odor and itchiness. Nano-silver socks help in preventing bacterial and fungal growth. Haojey creates textiles comprising a TiO2 particle core to provide UV resistance, silver nanoparticles for antibacterial textiles, and nanobamboo for odor adsorption. Cotton <a href="https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO201609562998024.jsp-k1ff8j=SSMHB4&py=2012&vnc=v27n6&sp=588">treated with pomegranate and galnut extract </a>showed excellent deodorizing performance against trimethylamine. Odor-free medical masks are fabricated using Polyvinyl Butyral and Eucalyptus Anti Odor Agent. Aloe Vera and Polyvinyl Alcohol (AV/PVA) electrospun nanofibers show excellent results suppressing growth of S. aureus bacteria (by ~25%) although not E. coli. A team from UC Berkeley introduced a way to reduce underarm sweating and odor by using a cross-linked microporous copolymer containing methacrylate and acrylate units. </div><div><br /></div><div>Unfortunately, many of nano-infused textile products are investigated as skin irritants. Besides, considerable amounts of Ag nanoparticles were found to be released on washing Ag nanoparticle integrated fabrics, which is highly toxic to aquatic life. </div><div><br /></div><div>Another trend in the world of skincare that started in the late 2000s was topically applied probiotics. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div> Although the idea is not new, as research into the human microbiome began to uncover the role that probiotics could play in improving health, the use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics to help combat odor-causing bacteria began to gain traction. Oral deodorizers with probiotics are already commonly found in the market in the form of chewing tablets, lozenges, and capsules. Topical probiotic formulations could exert anti-inflammatory effects by stimulating regulatory T-cells and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, within the immune system, competing with odor-causing microbes for nutrients, and aggregating and displacing them. When applied to the skin, Lactobacilli, for example, exhibits antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes.
Topical microbiome transplantation (Roseomonas mucosa lysate cultured from healthy volunteers) is believed to improve atopic dermatitis by restoring
epithelial barrier function and innate/adaptive immune balance as well as via inhibition of S. aureus growth. Nitrosomonas eutropha improves appearance of skin. Transplantation of microbiome enriched in S. epidermidis helped to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037021000052">reduce axillary malodor</a> in siblings or other matching individuals. Bacteria responsible for odor emitted from the skin is known and is common for individuals suffering from a variety of odor disorders, including those with genetic variations in ABCC11, FMO3 and those with <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508 DOI: 10.2196/10508">idiopathic malodor</a>. The presence of these bacteria in the gut microbiome <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508 DOI: 10.2196/10508">correlates with the intensity of malodor</a>. Balancing composition of gut microbes will definitely help to improve the odor but may take a long time and <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/19005223v1">require tailor-made diets</a>. And it is not clear if "suicide substrate inhibitors" such as iodomethylcholine are sufficiently safe to use.</div><div><br /></div><div>More than a dozen topical probiotic species have been found to have a unique spectrum of characteristics, including
keratin adhesion, inhibitory action, organic acid
production, and inhibition of biofilm formation, skin whitening, moisturizing, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle and removing body odor. A new bilayer vaginal tablet of Lactococcus lactis has been designed for the treatment of vaginal bacterial infections and could also help to combat unpleasant odors. And so could Nitrosomonas eutropha, although so far it was only proven to help with acne. Genetically modified bacteria are also being investigated as topical therapeutics. Candidate genes are Fillaggrin, LEKTI, IL-10, genes encoding growth factors and hormones. Studies of safety and efficiency are still, however, in very early stages. The application of high amounts of bacteria, could, for example, lead to a skin immune reaction with irritation and side effects as a result. It could also lead to infection. </div><div><br /></div><div>
The skin microbiome is relatively stable and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2001037021000052">quickly restores</a> after washing and skincare product application, even if they contain antimicrobials. The reason is, skin microbiome is actually derived from within the skin, the deeper stratum corneum layers, skin hair follicles and is connected to the <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">gut microbiome</a>. Skin microbiome transplantation methods are currently being investigated and showed some promising results although many challenges remain that need to be overcome. </div><div><br /></div><div>Probiotic-infused products and skin transplants are gaining popularity due to their ability to promote healthy bacteria growth on the skin, which can, for example, help reduce body odor. However, there is still a lack of strong scientific evidence of effectiveness and a lack of thorough understanding of side effects. Probiotics are living microorganisms, which means that they are sensitive to environmental conditions and can be difficult to work with. This can make it challenging to incorporate probiotics into skincare products in a way that preserves their effectiveness and stability.
Finally, there are regulatory issues to consider when it comes to introducing new probiotic-based skincare products to the market. In order to be sold as a cosmetic product, a skincare product must be safe and effective, and the manufacturer must provide evidence to support these claims. This process can be time-consuming and costly and may discourage some companies from investing in the development of new probiotic-based skincare products. </div><div><br /></div><div>Overall, while there is a growing interest in the potential benefits of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics for the skin, the development of new probiotic-infused skincare products is likely to continue to be slow and incremental as researchers and manufacturers work to understand more about how probiotics work and how they can be effectively incorporated into skincare products. </div><div><br /></div><div>It is likely that skincare products developed in the future <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-90885-0_10">will be tailored</a> to specific genetic profiles, as researchers continue to learn more about the role that genetics plays in skin health and the skincare concerns that people may have. </div><div><br /></div><div>One example is a urea-containing moisturizer that could be effective for people with a certain genetic variation in the filaggrin gene, Transient erythema (reddening of skin) is a potential side effect. A number of genes (such as MC1R, ASIP and BNC2) are related to skin conditions including sun sensitivity, skin moisturizing function, oxidative stress, stretch marks, and skin inflammation and are being investigated in personalized skincare R&D. </div><div><br /></div><div>Gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapies have achieved some notable successes in recent years. For instance, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Luxturna for a rare form of inherited blindness, and Kymriah using genetically modified T cells to attack cancer cells, in 2017. However, the costs of research and development and the risk of side effects are extremely high. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYMY42zar5i1gKEtswMsXQ8cpxayUxIj7BsmbWA5vYGbnB4dZ2XaVvbGfPciuHDeswjQGT1RlL9OTqSpt2SOGytb1nZiPt9fVptup3P894ZzR7y8Z0x2vjkZ0i7nuikyAoCDUFqaLaKS-pRH6l7fNqI4nGXpruA9VzuMypXSEbXymHGUFqnyklzExoQ/s857/deodorants2002.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="857" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmYMY42zar5i1gKEtswMsXQ8cpxayUxIj7BsmbWA5vYGbnB4dZ2XaVvbGfPciuHDeswjQGT1RlL9OTqSpt2SOGytb1nZiPt9fVptup3P894ZzR7y8Z0x2vjkZ0i7nuikyAoCDUFqaLaKS-pRH6l7fNqI4nGXpruA9VzuMypXSEbXymHGUFqnyklzExoQ/s320/deodorants2002.png" width="320" /></a></div></div><div>As a result, it can be difficult to obtain funding for non-fatal conditions like TMAU (trimethylaminuria).
Trinzyme, a company focused on enzyme replacement therapies, was founded in 2011 with the goal of developing treatments for TMAU. While the company was able to secure initial funding, it has not yet been able to deliver on its promise of a treatment for this condition. Despite these challenges, the potential for gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapies to revolutionize the way we treat and prevent diseases remains significant, and research and development in these fields continues to advance.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 2022, several companies started testing their deodorizing cosmetic products intended to block smelly chemical trimethylamine, emitted from the skin if the liver cannot completely break down this product of essential nutrients. Spain-based perfume manufacturer Eurofragance has recently teamed up with a Barcelona Children Hospital on a project to neutralize the strong odor of those who suffer from trimethylaminuria (caused by genetic mutations that affect the FMO3 function of the liver).
The hospital's program initially focused on pediatric subjects with primary carnitine deficiency, manifesting as metabolic encephalopathy, lipid storage myopathy, or cardiomyopathy. Since the patients are not able to process long-chain fatty acids to convert them into energy, the accumulation of toxic fatty acyl derivatives impedes gluconeogenesis and urea cycle function which, in turn, causes hypoketotic hypoglycemia, transaminase elevations, and hyperammonemia - hence fishy odor. Eurofragance solution has citrus notes blocking the fish odor receptors in the nose. This way the fishy odor does not disappear, but it is not perceived. Eurofragance designed body cream lotion with 1% fragrance, an eau de toilette with 5% fragrance and a body serum with 2% fragrance. Other businesses designing their own solutions were Nannic "Skin care by science", and stealth-mode teams from British and US companies. </div><div><br /></div><div>While there is still a lot more research to be done, the development of these new deodorizing cosmetic products has provided hope for those who struggle with trimethylaminuria and similar conditions.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><span face="ColfaxAI, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #353740;"><span style="white-space: break-spaces;">REFERENCES</span></span></div><div><span face="ColfaxAI, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #353740;"><span style="white-space: break-spaces;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Callewaert C, Knödlseder N, Karoglan A, Güell M, Paetzold B. Skin microbiome transplantation and manipulation: Current state of the art. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2021 Jan 1;19:624-31.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Gabashvili IS. Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial JMIR Dermatol 2020;3(1):e10508 URL: https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508 DOI: 10.2196/10508</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Gabashvili IS. Identifying subtypes of a stigmatized medical condition. medRxiv. 2019 Jan 1:19005223.</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Habeebuddin M, Karnati RK, Shiroorkar PN, Nagaraja S, Asdaq SM, Khalid Anwer M, Fattepur S. Topical Probiotics: More Than a Skin Deep. Pharmaceutics. 2022 Mar 3;14(3):557.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lee GR, Maarouf M, Hendricks AJ, Lee DE, Shi VY. Topical probiotics: the unknowns behind their rising popularity. Dermatology Online Journal. 2019;25(5).</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Lee YH, Lee SG, Hwang EK, Baek YM, Cho S, Kim JS, Kim HD. Deodorizing performance and antibacterial properties of fabric treated with pomegranate and gallnut extracts compared with properties of commercial deodorizing and antibacterial agents. Textile Science and Engineering. 2016;53(1):45-54.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Myles IA, Earland NJ, Anderson ED, Moore IN, Kieh MD, Williams KW, Saleem A, Fontecilla NM, Welch PA, Darnell DA, Barnhart LA. First-in-human topical microbiome transplantation with Roseomonas mucosa for atopic dermatitis. JCI insight. 2018 May 5;3(9).</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Qadir MB, Jalalah M, Shoukat MU, Ahmad A, Khaliq Z, Nazir A, Anjum MN, Rahman A, Khan MQ, Tahir R, Faisal M. Nonwoven/Nanomembrane Composite Functional Sweat Pads. Membranes. 2022 Dec 5;12(12):1230.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yang J. Personalized Skin Care Service Based on Genomics. InInternational Conference on Health Information Science 2021 Oct 25 (pp. 104-111). Springer, Cham.</span></span></div><div><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-20903848851840853732022-11-17T18:20:00.013-08:002023-10-04T17:49:51.787-07:00Olfactory Signatures and COVID-19<div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span>Olfactory</span><span> </span><span>disorders</span><span> have a significant impact on human lives - be it a lost/distorted sense of smell or unpleasant odors affecting</span></span><span> the sense of smell of others. </span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Odortypes can be influenced by </span><span>human leukocyte antigen</span><span> (</span><span>HLA</span><span>) </span><span>genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), genes associated with stronger response to COVID-19 vaccine as well as the severity of this disease. </span>HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ws5CIRw9oxXEC_skV9MjB6tTg98ZFHwo7wCaHMqma-oG3TwLrwaa9ZJfog5P0TocYcXAJlPX9yMbyCqUvmMjlz_2OCgX9r1jnAb-7ubqdBOMdXuCqKJclNNAo51TimKc4dez1dXTW20RLXqwh0RS5-MZtZo0ivBE8ZSgj_BHj9tiTt1vInK3bvXUJA/s320/MEBO-COVID.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="281" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ws5CIRw9oxXEC_skV9MjB6tTg98ZFHwo7wCaHMqma-oG3TwLrwaa9ZJfog5P0TocYcXAJlPX9yMbyCqUvmMjlz_2OCgX9r1jnAb-7ubqdBOMdXuCqKJclNNAo51TimKc4dez1dXTW20RLXqwh0RS5-MZtZo0ivBE8ZSgj_BHj9tiTt1vInK3bvXUJA/s320/MEBO-COVID.png" width="281" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Of course, these are not the only variables involved, and there are more potentially <span border-box="" box-sizing:="">overlapping risk factors for olfaction, metabolic body odor (MEBO), including trimethylaminuria (TMAU), and COVID-19: <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2021/12/fmo3-and-covid-19.html">FMO3</a>, <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2022/04/on-cabbage-and-selenium-binding-protein.html">SELENBP1</a>, </span></span>HspA, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-021-00986-w">UGT2A1/UGT2A2</a>, etc. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>A new peer-reviewed paper reporting results of a decentralized observational study (</span><a href="https://formative.jmir.org/2022/11/e41914">NCT04832932</a>) compared MEBO participants to general populations in respect to their response to COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-Co-V2 infections. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Body odor flareups were observed in about 10% of malodor sufferers after vaccination, as <a href="https://www.meboblog.com/2021/07/early-results-mebo-covid-19-back-to.html">preliminarily reported</a>. This number was similar to flareups of other chronic symptoms in groups of participants with gastrointestinal and autoimmune disorders. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Long-term worsening of <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645515.2022.2039017">body odor</a> was observed by other researchers after COVID-19 vaccination in about ~1% of studied populations. Dry mouth leading to halitosis was <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9309565/">10 times more prevalent</a> compared to flu vaccines. MEBO participants reported stronger reactions than general population pointing to genetic and microbiome influences beyond FMO3. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div><span><span>A better understanding of systemic malodor conditions could offer leads for targeted therapies. Findings on genetic and microbiome overlaps between COVID-19 and MEBO could pave the way for precision medicine to address the unmet needs of odor sufferers.</span></span></div></div><div><p><span><br /></span></p><p>REFERENCE</p><p><span>Gabashvili IS. </span><a href="https://formative.jmir.org/2022/11/e41914/">The Incidence and Effect of Adverse Events Due to COVID-19 Vaccines on Breakthrough Infections: Decentralized Observational Study With Underrepresented Groups.</a><span> JMIR Formative Research. 2022 Nov;6(11):e41914. DOI: 10.2196/41914. PMID: </span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36309347/">36309347</a><span>; PMCID: PMC9640199.</span></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-30121469657161664722022-04-20T16:36:00.046-07:002023-10-04T17:49:21.525-07:00On Cabbage and Selenium Binding Protein 1<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mutations in the gene encoding Selenium Binding Protein (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/?term=selenbp1">SELENBP1</a>) on chromosome 1q21 were found in multiple individuals with extra-oral halitosis. These individuals had <span>increased </span><span>levels of methanethiol and dimethylsulfide in their breath perceived as</span> unpleasantly cabbage-smelling. It was reported to worsen after drinking beer. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2213231721001208-ga1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="270" height="200" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2213231721001208-ga1.jpg" width="270" /></span></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5742538/table/T2/?report=objectonly">mutations responsible</a> include <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1553204817">rs1553204817</a> (<a data-ga-action="OMIM alvar" data-ga-label="http://www.omim.org/entry/604188#0001" data-section="variant details" href="http://www.omim.org/entry/604188#0001" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #376faa; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">OMIM: 604188.0001</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/549495/?oq=((539960[AlleleID]))&m=NM_003944.4(SELENBP1):c.1039G%3ET%20(p.Gly347Ter)">c.1039G>T</a>); <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs758495626">rs758495626</a> (c.673G>T (p.Gly225Trp)), <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/variation/tools/1000genomes/?chr=1&from=151340674&to=151340674&gts=rs1357490520&mk=151340674:151340674|rs1357490520" style="background-color: white; color: #2f4a8b;">rs1357490520</a><span> </span>(c.481+1G>A <span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/RCV000710011.1/">disrupting splice site</a></span>), and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs1553204840">rs1553204840</a> (<span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">c.985C>T</span>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SELENBP1 was identified as a methanethiol oxidase (MTO), catalyzing the conversion of methanethiol (H</span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C-SH) to hydrogen sulfide (H</span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">S), hydrogen peroxide (H</span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">O</span><span style="bottom: -0.25em; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">) and formaldehyde (HCHO)</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">. If this enzyme is not properly functional, the body will be releasing more Methanethiol - a volatile and toxic gas with the characteristic smell of rotten cabbage. We get this compound from food - not only the cancer-fighting cabbage family, including </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e;">radishes, but also orange juice, pineapple, strawberries, asparagus, wheat bread, gruyere cheese, coffee, roasted filberts and even cooked rice. Water, cherries, apples, whole milk, spinach and citrusy fruits could counteract the odor in some individuals. </span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Selenium binding protein1 (SELENBP1) has been also associated with a rare disease hypermethioninemia (</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">sometimes accompanied by learning disabilities and </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">neurological problems</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">), several cancers and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29577944/">schizophrenia</a> (downregulated at its onset and upregulated at later stages); hypertension and </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.4px;">ischemic heart conditions. Dysregulation of SELENBP1 is common to Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue infections, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. It was also found to COVID-19.
</span></span></div><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Pol A, Renkema GH, Tangerman A, Winkel EG, Engelke UF, De Brouwer AP, Lloyd KC, Araiza RS, Van Den Heuvel L, Omran H, Olbrich H. Mutations in SELENBP1, encoding a novel human methanethiol oxidase, cause extraoral halitosis. Nature genetics. 2018 Jan;50(1):120-9.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Philipp TM, Will A, Richter H, Winterhalter PR, Pohnert G, Steinbrenner H, Klotz LO. A coupled enzyme assay for detection of selenium-binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) methanethiol oxidase (MTO) activity in mature enterocytes. Redox Biology. 2021 Jul 1;43:101972.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Lin X, Lin Z, Zhao X, Liu Z, Xu C, Yu B, Gao P, Wang Z, Ge J, Shen Y, Li L. Serum SELENBP1 and VCL Are Effective Biomarkers for Clinical and Forensic Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Spasm. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022 Oct 31;23(21):13266.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Chau EJ, Mostaid MS, Cropley V, McGorry P, Pantelis C, Bousman CA, Everall IP. Downregulation of plasma SELENBP1 protein in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 13;85:1-6.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Zhang X, Hong R, Bei L, Hu Z, Yang X, Song T, Chen L, Meng H, Niu G, Ke C. SELENBP1 inhibits progression of colorectal cancer by suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Open Medicine. 2022 Jan 1;17(1):1390-404.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Moni MA, Lio’ P. Genetic profiling and comorbidities of zika infection. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2017 Sep 15;216(6):703-12.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">de Melo CV, Bhuiyan MA, Gatua WN, Kanyerezi S, Uzairue L, Abechi P, Kumar K, Rahmat J, Giwa A, Mwandira G, Olamilekan AM. Transcriptomic dysregulations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in human nasopharyngeal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. bioRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Albert-Puleo M. Physiological effects of cabbage with reference to its potential as a dietary cancer-inhibitor and its use in ancient medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1983 Dec 1;9(2-3):261-72.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-19537005728852804232022-01-12T19:23:00.006-08:002022-06-04T17:07:21.010-07:00Post-infectious body odor<p>Every <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2013/01/odors-and-infections.html">infection has a distinct odor</a>. It could be associated with changes in the gut microbiome. Besides, circulating B-cells from our immune system are also producing chemical odors that appear after viral infection. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3897788/">T-cell and cytokine involvement</a> is also possible. Infections can change body odor for the worse. <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">PATM or MEBO</a> conditions could begin after an infection and linger thereafter. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmahvoxUPjnnPzTjt_iUwJTyyb7ToOL743t9QEjLC-5szsJ51Xj9S4hSM6cPc2pwuFpoELEiI03XwPm1E--TkqY7VAVAHy433hFBqq0oSQu-q7HcjsquK5QjSMRLWxPYvUMwNkmS5U62f6ikxKVlNvMTLd0YFDDZ_mDLNMDwQw-ayI7hnvmLJgeRyuQ/s300/covid_fatigue_illustration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="300" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxmahvoxUPjnnPzTjt_iUwJTyyb7ToOL743t9QEjLC-5szsJ51Xj9S4hSM6cPc2pwuFpoELEiI03XwPm1E--TkqY7VAVAHy433hFBqq0oSQu-q7HcjsquK5QjSMRLWxPYvUMwNkmS5U62f6ikxKVlNvMTLd0YFDDZ_mDLNMDwQw-ayI7hnvmLJgeRyuQ/s1600/covid_fatigue_illustration.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><br />COVID-19 is known to be <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2020/12/the-breathprint-of-covid-19.html">associated with a specific odor</a>. Early studies identified volatile compounds that discriminated COVID-19 from other conditions. Some of these compounds - such as fruity smelling ketones - are also associated with diabetes - a risk factor for Severe COVID-19 infection. Another compound, Heptanal, associated with lung cancer, can also predict the severity of the Coronavirus disease.<p></p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8636992/">Dogs</a> (and <a href="An alternate prospect in detecting presymptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers through odor differentiation by HeroRATs">rats</a> and other animals) can easily detect the smell of COVID-19. They are already helping during this pandemic - <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2022/01/12/covid-sniffing-dogs-tuchman-ac360-pkg-vpx.cnn">Massachusetts schools</a>, for example, are <a href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2022/01/12/covid-sniffing-dogs-tuchman-ac360-pkg-vpx.cnn">using dogs to sniff out Covid-19</a>. The dogs <a href="https://www.cbs58.com/news/massachusetts-schools-are-using-dogs-to-detect-covid-19">come to the schools weekly</a> and work to detect cases in empty classrooms, auditoriums, cafeterias and gymnasiums, If Covid is detected, the authorities tell the health nurse who relays the information to the people affected.</p><p>Long COVID - when people continue to have symptoms of COVID-19 for months after their initial illness. - has a distinct smell as well. A paper posted today on MedRxiv tells that dogs can easily detect long COVID as well - in at least half of the cases. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsIHorAbrPNSpCAs9y0eV_Fw1Q6fBJDOWM8U459djG9Kllwdb5Jx3mTosj1auaNtqcgv3vpWKO96kuiq8sr1L9tg97A6ag4jbLhxMRMuixiRfB8cufpfW8PXPZglNPaxPzLqDsljBcQcXPfDYIkDuoYOzmIAJWvIvvZBHC9VGbeWv1gb6pNZhLEY6cUQ=s1280" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhsIHorAbrPNSpCAs9y0eV_Fw1Q6fBJDOWM8U459djG9Kllwdb5Jx3mTosj1auaNtqcgv3vpWKO96kuiq8sr1L9tg97A6ag4jbLhxMRMuixiRfB8cufpfW8PXPZglNPaxPzLqDsljBcQcXPfDYIkDuoYOzmIAJWvIvvZBHC9VGbeWv1gb6pNZhLEY6cUQ=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Between May and October 2021, 45 Long COVID patients sent their axillary sweat samples to the National Veterinary School of Alfort. Average age of the patients was 45 (6-71) and 73.3% were female. No patient had been admitted in intensive care unit during the acute phase. Prolonged symptoms had been evolving for an average of 15.2 months (range: 5-22). Main symptoms of prolonged phase were intense fatigue (n=37, 82.2%), neurocognitive disorders such as concentration and attention difficulties, immediate memory loss (n=24, 53.3%), myalgias/arthralgias (n=22, 48.9%), cardiopulmonary symptoms (dyspnea, cough, chest pain, palpitations) (n=21, 46.7%), digestive symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, reflux, gastroparesis...) (n=18, 40.0%), ENT disorders (hyposmia, parosmia, tinnitus, nasal obstruction, inflammatory tongue, dysphonia, sinusitis) (n=18, 40.0%) (table 1). 11 (24.4) patients had at least one positive SARS-CoV-2 serology before any vaccination, 29 (64.4%) had a negative SARS-CoV-2 serology and 5 (11.1%) had no serology results. Snapshot of the table shows some of the cases. Interestingly, patients with odor exhibited symptoms similar to long COVID sufferers in the MEBO community. This includes loss of smell and heart palpitations. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>REFERENCES</p><p><br /></p>Dominique GRANDJEAN, Dorsaf SLAMA, Capucine GALLET, Clothilde JULIEN, Emilie SEYRAT, Marc BLONDOT, Maissa BENAZAZIEZ, Judith ELBAZ, Dominique SALMON Screening for SARS-CoV-2 persistence in Long COVID patients using sniffer dogs and scents from axillary sweats samples medRxiv 2022.01.11.21268036; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.11.21268036">https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.11.21268036</a>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-84740390475702936302022-01-04T17:19:00.001-08:002022-01-04T17:19:06.797-08:00Worried about body odor?<p>You are not alone. According to pre-COVID surveys, over one third said the fear of smelling unpleasant left them feeling unhappy and unattractive. Many people who survived COVID-19 worry about their body odor getting worse post-infection.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0196070921001022-gr2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="389" height="235" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0196070921001022-gr2.jpg" width="389" /></a></div><p>A team of researchers from Virginia Commonwealth University surveyed 322 individuals with loss of smell or taste as a result of confirmed COVID-19 infection and found that about half of them felt depressed and worried about their body odor [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196070921001022">Coelho et al., 2021</a>]. Extrapolating results of other surveys, this translates into about 20% of those who got through COVID-19. </p><p>The most frequently reported phantom smell (likely not actually there) is the odor of smoke or burned food [Frasnelli et al, 2004]. Interestingly, these are also the most frequently reported types of smells that long-COVID sufferers can't perceive, when others detect them. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0196070921001022-gr3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="389" height="193" src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0196070921001022-gr3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Temporary loss of smell is common. About 20% of population experience it sometime before the age of 75. This number increases to ~80% in older age. <br /><br /><div>Loss of smell associated with viral infections, especially COVID-19 is much more prevalent. Sometimes it's the only symptom associated with this infection.
A meta-analysis of published reports reveals that the overall prevalence of alteration of the sense of smell or taste following COVID-19 infection ranges between 31% and 67% in severe and mild-to-moderate symptomatic patients, respectively. Fortunately, in most (70-80%) cases it comes back in 6 month or longer. A higher recovery rate was highlighted for subjects who underwent influenza vaccination. <p></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Coelho DH, Reiter ER, Budd SG, Shin Y, Kons ZA, Costanzo RM. Quality of life and safety impact of COVID-19 associated smell and taste disturbances. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2021 Jul 1;42(4):103001.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Frasnelli J, Landis BN, Heilmann S, Hauswald B, Hüttenbrink KB, Lacroix JS, Leopold DA, Hummel T. Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck. 2004 Aug;261(7):411-5. </span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Maiorano E, Calastri A, Robotti C, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Zuccaro V, Stellin E, Ferretti VV, Klersy C, Benazzo M. Clinical, virological and immunological evolution of the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2022 Jan 1;43(1):103170.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;">Vaira LA, De Vito A, Lechien JR, Chiesa‐Estomba CM, Mayo‐Yàñez M, Calvo‐Henrìquez C, Saussez S, Madeddu G, Babudieri S, Boscolo‐Rizzo P, Hopkins C. New onset of smell and taste loss are common findings also in patients with symptomatic COVID‐19 after complete vaccination. The Laryngoscope. 2021 Nov 26.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-25755104266454468732021-12-01T15:43:00.011-08:002023-11-26T07:40:44.513-08:00FMO3 and COVID-19<span style="font-family: inherit;">Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) enzyme is a seemingly insignificant enzyme that normally converts fishy-smelling trimethylamine (TMA) into a neutral trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO).
The amounts of this highly specialized detoxifying enzyme are highly variable. It depends on the age, sex hormones, infections (estradiol and testosterone, <span>hepatitis virus</span> have been found to reduce FMO3 capacity), obesity traits and diseases such as diabetes. The difference can be up to 20-fold between individuals. Mutations in the FMO3 gene cause low metabolic capacity associated with the disorder trimethylaminuria (TMAU) that attracts little biomedical interest. This condition, however, might matter more than it seems.</span><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/Covid-19-shield.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/COVID/Covid-19-shield.jpg" width="175" /></span></a></div>
<div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Could there be a link between FMO3 and SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination? </span><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Individuals differ in their susceptibility to viral infections and genes contribute to the risk score. Less than 10% of humans infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop TB, partially because of polymorphism in Tyrosine kinase (TYK2, P1104A) also responsible for severe COVID-19. Early in the pandemic, it was discovered that SARS-CoV-2 infection is dependent on the ACE2 receptor for cell entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for spike protein priming. ACE2 expression, indeed, influences COVID-19 risk and a rare variant located close to this gene was found to confer protection against COVID-19, possibly by decreasing ACE2 expression. Interestingly, FMO3 is one of the few genes with expression correlated to ACE2 [Sungnak et al, 2020] along with genes associated with immune
functions. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the characteristics of COVID-19 is the appearance of inflammatory processes, which could be leading to increased levels of TMAO. It could <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26972052/">contribute to the hypercoagulative state</a> in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC). SARS-Cov2 was shown to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979395/">enhance TMAO-induced inflammation</a>. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Coronavirus disease is associated with increased risk of thrombotic events. According to recent research, low levels of FMO3 protect against thrombosis [Shih et al, 2019] while some FMO3 mutations confer higher risk [Oliveira-Filho et al, 2021]. FMO3 rs1736557 might increase the anti‐platelet efficacy of clopidogrel [Zhu et al, 2021]. Genetic risk can be mediated by gut microbiota [Gabashvili, 2020]. There are also associations with other diseases such as diabetes, renal and cardiovascular conditions increasing risk of severe COVID-19. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Studying trimethylaminuria-like conditions might help in developing strategies for prevention and therapy of other diseases, including COVID-19.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Our COVID-19 disease and vaccines study [<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04832932">NCT04832932</a>, Gabashvili, 2021] compares side-effects of vaccines and clinical course of infections (including vaccine breakthroughs) in several cohorts including MEBO and TMAU. You can help by enrolling and participating in this online survey in <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfNQNGMwCsVLyeS1bMR2aF0Hm3C12ok7f64kD5gtGCKL01fvw/viewform">English</a> or <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd99EkMW4hC7KSchE_ikLU-uzVS6hdJqhdZMKOu8qOje7KDJg/viewform">Spanish</a>.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"> Andreakos E, Abel L, Vinh DC, Kaja E, Drolet BA, Zhang Q, O’Farrelly C, Novelli G, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Haerynck F, Prando C. A global effort to dissect the human genetic basis of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature immunology. 2021 Oct 18:1-6. </span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Gabashvili IS. Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights from a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial. JMIR Dermatology. 2020 Nov 4;3(1):e10508. </span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Gabashvili IS. Community-Based Phenotypic Study of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Emergency-Use-Authorized Vaccines Against COVID-19 and Viral Shedding Potential of Post-Vaccination Infections: Protocol for an Ambispective study. medRxiv 2021.06.28.21256779; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21256779</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Liu W, Wang C, Xia Y, Xia W, Liu G, Ren C, Gu Y, Li X, Lu P. Elevated plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetologica. 2021 Feb;58(2):221-9.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Janmohamed A, Dolphin CT, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Quantification and cellular localization of expression in human skin of genes encoding flavin-containing monooxygenases and cytochromes P450. Biochemical pharmacology. 2001 Sep 15;62(6):777-86.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Oliveira-Filho AF, Medeiros PF, Velloso RN, Lima EC, Aquino IM, Nunes AB. Trimethylaminuria and Vascular Complications. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2021 Apr;5(Supplement_1):A313-4. </span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Zhu KX, Song PY, Li MP, Du YX, Ma QL, Peng LM, Chen XP. Association of FMO3 rs1736557 polymorphism with clopidogrel response in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2021 Mar;77(3):359-68.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, Talavera-López C, Maatz H, Reichart D, Sampaziotis F, Worlock KB. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nature medicine. 2020 May;26(5):681-7.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Shih, D.M., Zhu, W., Schugar, R.C., Meng, Y., Jia, X., Miikeda, A., Wang, Z., Zieger, M., Lee, R., Graham, M. and Allayee, H., 2019. Genetic deficiency of Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) protects against thrombosis but has only a minor effect on plasma lipid levels—brief report. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 39(6), pp.1045-1054. </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-90464144458059416752021-11-05T15:48:00.029-07:002021-12-01T18:02:59.843-08:00The PKU microbiome<p><span>Phenylketonuria or </span><span face="Roboto, arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">PKU is an inborn error of metabolism associated with a </span><b style="font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">"mousy" or "musty" odor</b><span face="Roboto, arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px;">. This odor is due to a buildup of phenylalanine substances in the body. Recent study explored gut microbiome in adults with PKU and found high levels of Bifidobacterium,
Bacillus, Alistipes, Clostridium, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides, while much lower levels of Lactobacillus, Porphyromonas, Frisingicoccus, Blautia,
and Faecalibacterium.</span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/Microbiome/PKU-microbiome.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="464" height="800" src="https://aurametrix.com/images/Studies/Microbiome/PKU-microbiome.png" width="464" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #202124;"><span style="background-color: white;">REFERENCES</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Mancilla VJ, Mann AE, Zhang Y, Allen MS. The Adult Phenylketonuria (PKU) Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 530.</span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-16369680870899630562021-07-02T17:45:00.018-07:002021-07-03T18:55:24.581-07:00Viruses and Vaccines<p>The COVID-19 Back-to-normal study was initiated in January 2021 as an effort of a tight-knit neighborhood to help each other avoid the virus and vaccinate safely.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://snappygoat.com/b/a4b75eb80fa0d939df63cd7a21371eae738cd25f" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="598" height="171" src="https://snappygoat.com/b/a4b75eb80fa0d939df63cd7a21371eae738cd25f" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p>Later the <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.21256779v1">research protocol </a>was approved by MEBO Research IRB and the study was open to other communities around the world. </p><p>By now, we have over 600 participants. </p><p>Early results of the study in MEBO/PATM community, based on the replies of <a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/Blog/Jun2021.html">the first 26 enrollees</a>, showed that while reactions to vaccine were similar to the general population, experiences with COVID-19 infections were not - 2 individuals were not able to avoid the disease in this group, and both of them experienced long term effects. </p><p>As of today, we have stories from 41 members of MEBO/PATM community and 6 different vaccines: AstraZeneca-Oxford, Johnson & Johnson’s single-shot, Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinovac Biotech’s CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV, also known as the Sinopharm vaccine.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMr6haeYg0PZy_syKuisNyGSTwRknRsmPArT3L6TpwByPy9KRpCrLTclETqXeeZXRYmAmgHmnY1TCMbor-TbMnD2Qi0wurl2DxOLZYu93EBT1z7daG8fC6i2f_RpQK9bJzlU1LQQeY_ss/s1150/COVID-VSideEffects.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMMr6haeYg0PZy_syKuisNyGSTwRknRsmPArT3L6TpwByPy9KRpCrLTclETqXeeZXRYmAmgHmnY1TCMbor-TbMnD2Qi0wurl2DxOLZYu93EBT1z7daG8fC6i2f_RpQK9bJzlU1LQQeY_ss/s320/COVID-VSideEffects.png" width="320" /></a></div>Currently, in various areas of the world, 19 COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for use. Statistics on short-term effects of these vaccines have been published for different groups. If we compare our data to published data matching by ages and vaccines, short-term effects are very similar. Some of our sub-groups, especially healthy elderly participants, experienced far fewer side effects than reported in the literature. There were slightly fewer common adverse reactions in MEBO Pfizer group, but incidences of fatigue were on a higher side for all vaccines, and there were more reports of fever experienced after Moderna and Astrazeneca, albeit it was not significantly different from the general population. More significant differences were for less common and longer-term effects including fast heartbeat, dry mouth, skin reactions and swollen lymph nodes. The figure below shows common symptoms for Long COVID. Underlined are some of the issues reported after COVID vaccine uptakes in the group. Possible worsening of MEBO/PATM symptoms after vaccinations was reported by 10% of study participants. <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCm3brMueTAeoTZyJGfvy-LRzl4CtfROVEDf2Pw8FqvBm0a6SG4culfjF-BLo-nPtkHqp9Dt0BbDkklegyz-BaiGSUHWhS5KCmwNe9AbiR6RIFP_zdMvdPmOQ0oq-lN8owjKzPoETIaR74/s1280/LongCovidSymptoms1.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCm3brMueTAeoTZyJGfvy-LRzl4CtfROVEDf2Pw8FqvBm0a6SG4culfjF-BLo-nPtkHqp9Dt0BbDkklegyz-BaiGSUHWhS5KCmwNe9AbiR6RIFP_zdMvdPmOQ0oq-lN8owjKzPoETIaR74/s320/LongCovidSymptoms1.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">The most significant difference of MEBO group from the general population is the response to COVID-19 infection. 6 people (3 males, 3 females) out of 41 study participants experienced COVID-19 and <b>all of them had long-term reactions</b>. 5 out of 6 considered themselves <b>long-haulers</b>. The 6th person reported persistent MEBO/PATM issues p<span style="text-align: right;">ost-acute COVID-19. That's 80-100</span><span style="text-align: right;">% of long-haulers, ~4 times more than researchers estimate! Our rate is closer to some groups with severe genetic conditions - such as </span><span style="text-align: right;">individuals with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia - predisposing to bad smell from nostrils. </span></div></span><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><span style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">Postinfectious fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom in this group. Long-lasting loss of smell happened in ~16% - as in the general population. MEBO/PATM symptoms were significantly increased, unless well under control before the infection. There's anecdotal evidence, based on posts in social media, that some sufferers of chronic COVID-19 are experiencing more aversive underarm smell. 7% of long-haulers are thought to sense phantom distorted smells. Is it really imagined smells or could it be real change in their odor?</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">We also had reports of successful management of persistent COVID symptoms with a low histamine, gluten-free, dairy-free and no carb diets.</div></span></div><br /><p>Why is MEBO/PATM community more susceptible to long COVID? A new study argues that long-haulers might actually be experiencing an attack of fatigue-inducing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, a member of herpesvirus family HHV-4) that was lying dormant in their bodies. For this study, Gold and his colleagues analyzed blood of 30 people with chronic COVID (out of 185 COVID survivors). 20 out of these 30 carried high levels of EBV antibodies. Vaccines were shown to reactivate viruses too, in much rarer cases. As was demonstrated for Pfizer vaccine that woke up another herpes virus, chickenpox herpes-zoster (HHV-3), that causes shingles when reactivated (this happened to 1% of patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases). Herpes simplex (HSV-1) can be also kept in remission by a healthy immune system and can be also reactivated by COVID-19.</p><p>MEBO and PATM symptoms could arise following an infection. Perhaps SARS-CoV-2 can reactivate the old viruses that caused these symptoms to begin with? </p><p>Community immunity (also known as herd immunity) protects everyone. We hope that MEBO/PATM community stays COVID-free and safe. </p><p><br /></p><div><br /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br /></div><div>Gabashvili IS. Community-Based Phenotypic Study of Safety, Tolerability, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Emergency-Use-Authorized Vaccines Against COVID-19 and Viral Shedding Potential of Post-Vaccination Infections: Protocol for a prospective study medRxiv 2021.06.28.21256779; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21256779</div><div><br /></div><div>McDonald I, Murray SM, Reynolds CJ, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. npj Vaccines. 2021 May 13;6(1):1-4.</div><div><br /></div>Gold JE, Okyay RA, Licht WE, Hurley DJ. Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Pathogens. 2021 Jun;10(6):763.Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-17458551320016545802021-06-21T17:27:00.002-07:002021-06-23T12:38:06.662-07:00COVID-19 and vaccine reactogenicity in MEBO/PATM communityInfections have been shown to alter body odor and so have immunizations. So far, only nonhuman animals were able to detect the subtle changes in chemical makeup after vaccinations and even their sensitive noses were not able to differentiate between different vaccines - such as the rabies virus or the West Nile virus vaccines [Kimball et al, 2014]. However, this was the case of very mild reactions to immunization. Even slightly stronger inflammatory responses, to relatively weak immune challenges, can, indeed, be detected by human noses [Gordon et al, 2018]. Urine and axillary odor are becoming slightly more aversive in healthy humans, as a function of immune activation. But this is not supposed to last too long.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><a href="https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/vaccines-explained/who_ve_topic-9_banner.jpg?sfvrsn=81363cb3_26" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="800" height="134" src="https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/vaccines-explained/who_ve_topic-9_banner.jpg?sfvrsn=81363cb3_26" width="299" /></a></div><br /><p>Our preliminary results, based on responses to the survey for 24 members of MEBO community and 6 of their family members show a wide variety of reactions to Astrazeneca, J&J, Moderna, Pfizer and Sinovac/Coronavac vaccines. </p><p>Interestingly, Pfizer vaccine that caused no or very mild reactions in several MEBO participants, was also the vaccine that possibly caused temporary worsening of odor symptoms in one person in the community. Another MEBO participant that reported possible worsening of odor from Moderna vaccine had one thing in common with the other individual - they both had pre-existing conditions related to their upper digestive tract. Some Astrazeneca recipients also reported odor issues but did not think it was worse than usual. </p><p>One of the most interesting observations was that even though only 2 members of MEBO/PATM community reported COVID-19 infection (before or between vaccinations), both of them had long COVID with long-term neurological manifestations such as fatigue, ENT symptoms and loss of smell.</p><p>Adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines are influenced by a multitude of factors, many of which can be anticipated and alleviated. A certain level of inflammation is needed to
trigger an effective adaptive immune response, but both environment and genetic makeup determine who is more likely to experience particular symptoms after infection and from the vaccine.</p><p>You can help by telling us about your experiences with COVID-19 and/or vaccinations. These surveys can be used for posting your brief stories - no need to answer all the questions. And you can always add to your story later. Please use your anonymous ID and let us know if you have any questions.</p><p>Survey</p><p>in English: <span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: #99aacc; color: #333333; font-size: 13.524px;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfNQNGMwCsVLyeS1bMR2aF0Hm3C12ok7f64kD5gtGCKL01fvw/viewform">https://bit.ly/BTN-eng</a></span></p><p>en Español: <span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: #99aacc; color: #333333; font-size: 13.524px;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd99EkMW4hC7KSchE_ikLU-uzVS6hdJqhdZMKOu8qOje7KDJg/viewform">https:/bit.ly/BTN-esp</a></span></p><p><br /></p><p>We'll be posting more observations and comparisons with over 600 participants of our <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04832932">study</a> from other communities. </p><p><span face="Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif" style="background-color: #99aacc; color: #333333; font-size: 13.524px;"><br /></span></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Blumental S, Debré P. Challenges and issues of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Gordon AR, Kimball BA, Sorjonen K, Karshikoff B, Axelsson J, Lekander M, Lundström JN, Olsson MJ. Detection of inflammation via volatile cues in human urine. Chemical senses. 2018 Nov 1;43(9):711-9.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Kimball BA, Opiekun M, Yamazaki K, Beauchamp GK. Immunization alters body odor. Physiology & behavior. 2014 Apr 10;128:80-5.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-73621206626704365052021-04-07T17:55:00.015-07:002021-06-04T21:32:26.189-07:00Vaccine to cure body odor?<div>There could be a vaccine for everything. Scientists are working on personal vaccines, vaccines reducing body weight or narcotic dependence, vaccines for just about anything. Can there be a vaccine improving body odor? Certainly, and it could target not only bacteria (in body crevices) worsening odor, but also molecules responsible for odor. This would be a very complex task, however, as there is still a lot we don't understand. For example, if metabolism and microbiomes leading to body odor cause similar reactions to already existing vaccines. </div><div><br /></div><div>Several vaccines to prevent COVID-19 were authorized for emergency use and hundreds of millions doses have been administered. 2 millions of vaccinated individuals in the US completed a health survey in the 7 days following their vaccination via the v-safe app.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.aurametrix.com/Studies/COVID-19/Reactions7d-vsafe.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="800" height="439" src="https://www.aurametrix.com/Studies/COVID-19/Reactions7d-vsafe.png" width="672" /></a></div><br /></div><p>This table shows top adverse reactions reported to the first two vaccines authorized in the US. Hundreds of social media groups on Facebook, reddit and WhatsApp are also flooded by descriptions of adverse reactions and immunity related events. What is missing? The ability to systematically analyze all these reactions in different health and neighborhood communities.</p><p>We started such a study in one neighborhood community and would like to also conduct it in the MEBO/PATM communities. We are also opening it to MEBO friends and family - asking them to indicate their relationship with MEBO/PATM in the comment section of the survey.</p><p>We are also collecting COVID-19 experiences in different groups of people, analyzing infectious disease susceptibility risks. </p><br /><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfNQNGMwCsVLyeS1bMR2aF0Hm3C12ok7f64kD5gtGCKL01fvw/viewform?usp=sf_link">in English:</a> https://bit.ly/BTN-eng<br /><div><a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd99EkMW4hC7KSchE_ikLU-uzVS6hdJqhdZMKOu8qOje7KDJg/viewform?usp=sf_link">en Español</a>: https:/bit.ly/BTN-esp</div><div><br /></div><div><br /><p>Thank you for your help!</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US). 2021 April 6 - . Identifier NCT04832932, The COVID-19 Back-to-Normal Study [cited 2021 April 7]; Available from:
<a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04832932">https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04832932</a></p><p>Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. Reactogenicity Following Receipt of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. JAMA. 2021 Apr 5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5374. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33818592. </p><p>Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2019 Mar 20;32(2). </p><p>Mosquera MJ, Kim S, Zhou H, Jing TT, Luna M, Guss JD, Reddy P, Lai K, Leifer CA, Brito IL, Hernandez CJ. Immunomodulatory nanogels overcome restricted immunity in a murine model of gut microbiome–mediated metabolic syndrome. Science advances. 2019 Mar 1;5(3):eaav9788.</p><p>Bandaru P, Rajkumar H, Nappanveettil G. The impact of obesity on immune response to infection and vaccine: an insight into plausible mechanisms. Endocrinol Metab Synd. 2013;2(2):1000113-22. </p><p>Kim YH, Kim JK, Kim DJ, Nam JH, Shim SM, Choi YK, Lee CH, Poo H. Diet-induced obesity dramatically reduces the efficacy of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccine in a mouse model. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2012 Jan 15;205(2):244-51. </p><p> Monteiro MP. Obesity vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(4):887-95. doi: 10.4161/hv.27537. Epub 2013 Dec 23. PMID: 24365968; PMCID: PMC4896563. </p><p>Ozgen MH, Blume S. The continuing search for an addiction vaccine. Vaccine. 2019 Aug 23;37(36):5485-90. </p><p>Daniel W, Nivet M, Warner J, Podolsky DK. Early evidence of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at one medical center. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Mar 23.</p><p></p></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-47373607492585627862021-01-26T13:00:00.008-08:002021-01-27T08:06:03.132-08:00Rebuild your Health<p>There is increasing evidence that intestinal microbial dysbiosis has a role in the pathogenesis of systemic malodor conditions and other metabolic disorders. The most studied non-syndromic malodor condition Trimethylaminuria is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, which means that two mutations from both parents, both affecting abilities of FMO3 enzyme to catalyze the N-oxidation of trimethylamine into trimethylamine (eg, [Glu158Lys (rs2266782) and Glu308Gly (rs2266780)]), may be needed for a person to have symptoms. Yet genotype is not always predictive of phenotype, not even in this case.</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goop-img.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Rebuilding-Cleansing-Post-Chemo_Monica-Garwood-1024x780.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="609" data-original-width="800" height="244" src="https://goop-img.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Rebuilding-Cleansing-Post-Chemo_Monica-Garwood-1024x780.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration by Monica Garwood</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Studies have shown that the symptoms of metabolic inefficiencies, food intolerance and even allergies can be relieved by changing the composition of intestinal microbes and adjusting dietary components feeding these microbes - to encourage growth of microorganisms properly digesting problem ingredients. Lactose-digesting bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, for example, can help to digest lactose into useful compounds, instead of offensive gas. On the other hand, the low-FODMAP diet reduces gastrointestinal symptoms by reducing the food that bacteria ferment. For lactose-intolerance, however, the "O" in <a href="http://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2011/11/whats-that-fatty-odor.html">FODMAPs</a> - oligosacharides - can be beneficial as Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are useful prebiotics promoting the growth of the right microorganisms. </p><p>Rebuilding the network of microorganisms on and inside our bodies can help to improve the volatiles in the surrounding air, aka body and breath odor. Microbes associated with unpleasant odors include <b>Anaerococcus</b>, <b>Corynebacterium</b>, <b>Campylobacter</b>, and <b>Propionibacterium</b> [1], Gardnerella, <a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/akp">Alloprevotella</a>, <a href="https://aurametrix.com/blog/sutterella.html">Sutterella</a>, and species of Candida. Microbes associated with improvements in odors include archaebiotic <b>Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis</b>, <b>Lactobacillus pentosus</b> KCA1, and <b>Lactobacillus salivarius,</b> but there are more, working together and relying on each other. Our studies (see protocols of microbiome [2] and <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.21250101v1">volatilome</a> [3] trials published on Medrxiv) identified several microbial strains and volatile compounds associated with improvement of malodor symptoms. We are currently summarizing our results and plan to publish it. Development of personalized protocols and defining the right compositions of probiotics and prebiotics is a long-term research endeavor. Meanwhile, be your own best medical researcher and take control of your wellbeing: </p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Step 1: </span><span>Pull out your fitness journal and create an action plan</span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem 2rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">Analyze your diet, everyday activities, exercise and sleep patterns to make initial guesses about things that could be triggering your flareups or making you feel better. Write out a list of these things. </li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">Break your goal into small steps and milestones. For example: if you have fructose as a potential trigger on your list, go fructose free for a week. <a href="http://olfactics.aurametrix.com/search/label/lactose%20sensitivity">An earlier survey</a> of about 100 body odor and halitosis sufferers indicated stress (34%), food (25%) and environment, including the weather and perfumed products (15%) as main triggers of odors or PATM. Make sure you are not missing something in your diet - like Zinc, Vitamin C, or Vitamin D - insufficient amounts of these <a href="https://olfactics.aurametrix.com/2019/07/how-do-you-feed-your-microbiome.html">vitamins and minerals</a> could also contribute to PATM. </li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">Develop metrics for evaluating progress. Some people can't objectively evaluate their malodor or PATM condition. Try to find a trust buddy or take note of how the people around you react when you’re in close proximity. For example, pay attention to the space people leave between you and themselves (assuming COVID-19 is behind us and the 6-feet rule no longer applies!)</li></ul><div><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Step 2: </span><span>Change your diet, physical activity and behavior</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem 2rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">Intestinal lining is regenerating every five to seven days, so you need to stick to your diet for at least a week to notice improvements in your symptoms. Most elimination diets are actually recommended for about 3–6 weeks, to allow the antibodies (negatively reacting to problem food components) dissipate. So if your diet seems to be helping, extend it to 3 or 6 weeks. </li><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">If it is not helping, try the next thing on your list. It should not be just diet - one study showed that bad breath was associated with abnormal sleep patterns. Perhaps you need to reevaluate your clothing material, temperature an humidity or mycotoxins in the environment? Are you getting enough sunlight ? Does your home have a healthy microbiome? Try to eliminate the triggers one at a time. No need to reduce your overall food intake, many people observe malodor or PATM flareups when they are hungry & undernourished. Try to train your body to digest more fiber - but start adding them to your diet little at a time, on weekends when you can safely experiment. </li></ul></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Step 3: </span><span>Let go of past hurts</span></span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0.75rem 2rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;"><li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; scroll-behavior: smooth;">Stop dwelling on the past. You have the power to change your future. Learn how to express confidence with your body
language. Pretend you are comfortable in presence of other people and they will learn to be comfortable in yours. </li></ul><p><br /></p><p>RFRERENCES</p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">1. Gabashvili IS. <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508">Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial. </a>JMIR Dermatology. 2020 Nov 4;3(1):e10508.</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">2. Gabashvili I.S. <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.21.20179242v1">Dynamics of the Gut Microbiota in MEBO and PATM conditions: Protocol of a fully remote clinical study. medRxiv. </a>2020 Aug.24. medRxiv 2020.08.21.20179242; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.21.20179242</span></p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">3. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;">Gabashvili I.S. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.21250101v1">Effects of diet, activities, environmental exposures and trimethylamine metabolism on alveolar breath compounds: protocol for a retrospective case-cohort observational study</a> medRxiv 2021, Jan. 26 2021.01.25.21250101; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.25.21250101</span></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-55530152953447575442020-12-27T18:16:00.002-08:002020-12-30T12:48:58.130-08:00The Breathprint of COVID-19<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"></meta>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">Bad breath in those infected with COVID-19 might be the least of their problems. But studying it helps in understanding the mechanisms of this deadly respiratory disease and developing diagnostic tests. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Dozens of confirmed cases of halitosis owing to active infection by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) have been reported in the literature (Patel & Woolley, 2020; Riad et al, 2020)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Possible explanations were decreased salivatory flow due to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptor-mediated alterations in the tongue, a greater risk of bad breath for mouth breathers who are also more prone to halitosis and increased attention to odor when wearing face masks. Another likely explanation is bacterial co‐infections arising from the novel coronavirus.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">DNA analyses of microbial communities in the respiratory tract of those infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 frequently detect abnormally high bacterial reads of Prevotella, Streptococci, Treponema, Veillonella and Fusobacteria, known to emit malodorous volatile sulfur compounds and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). In addition to odor, VFAs could impair T- and B-cell proliferation responses and cytokine production.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihD-H6vkXjMQFpPIRQ9eptfUVWCFkNgPzJRkHno0yfTSNsv5BKry-lD3tGMVULBHHAdiv2p6UgCpE1FOU0CjeedeIPMinFEEK3HL-Ib7FbHpwZG_ltwdiXBfnZzGnKcSo2S6W6KKKWJr6K/s980/COVID-breath.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="980" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihD-H6vkXjMQFpPIRQ9eptfUVWCFkNgPzJRkHno0yfTSNsv5BKry-lD3tGMVULBHHAdiv2p6UgCpE1FOU0CjeedeIPMinFEEK3HL-Ib7FbHpwZG_ltwdiXBfnZzGnKcSo2S6W6KKKWJr6K/s320/COVID-breath.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">What molecules could we expect to find in a person infected with the novel coronavirus? Lamote and colleagues review dozens of (often overlapping) molecules detected in other infections. Among those are aliphatic alcohols, branched hydrocarbons, alkane derivatives, terpenes, dimethyl sulfide and other sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds. Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention as candidate biomarkers in pediatric SARS-Cov-2 infection (Berna et al., 2020). These three biomarkers demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 66.6% specificity. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303539">Analysis of breath in two groups of adults</a> with median ages 40 and 60 identified aldehydes (ethanal, octanal), ketones (acetone, butanone), and methanol that discriminated COVID-19 from other conditions. Aldehyde Heptanal had significant predictive power for severity of the disease.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">It has been shown that properly trained dogs are able to detect an olfactory signature of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a specificity greater than 90%. <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=covid-19&term=VOCs&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=">Several clinical trials</a> have been initiated to study biomarkers of COVID-19 in breath by e-nose and other technologies. Two studies have been already completed and one paper reported successful detection using Aeronose (Wintjens et al, 2020) with 86% sensitivity and negative predictive value of 92%. Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry allowed differentiation of patients with definite diagnosis of Covid-19 from non-Covid-19 with about 80% accuracy and 82.4%/75% to 90%/80% sensitivity/specificity. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">REFERENCES</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of COVID‐19. Oral diseases. 2020 Jun 7.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Riad A, Kassem I, Hockova B, Badrah M, Klugar M. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/scd.12547">Halitosis in COVID-19 patients. </a>Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry. 2020 Nov.29</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Lamote K, Janssens E, Schillebeeckx E, Lapperre TS, De Winter BY, Van Meerbeeck JP. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1752-7163/aba105">The scent of COVID-19: viral (semi-) volatiles as fast diagnostic biomarkers?</a>. Journal of breath research. 2020 Jun 29.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">Berna AZ, Akaho EH, Harris RM, Congdon M, Korn E, Neher S, Farrej MM, Burns J, John AO. <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.20230755v1">Breath biomarkers of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection: a pilot study.</a> medRxiv. 2020 Dec. 7</span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">Ruszkiewicz DM, Sanders D, O'Brien R, Hempel F, Reed MJ, Riepe AC, Bailie K, Brodrick E, Darnley K, Ellerkmann R, Mueller O. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303539">Diagnosis of COVID-19 by analysis of breath with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry-a feasibility study.</a> EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Oct 24:100609.</span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;">Wintjens AG, Hintzen KF, Engelen SM, Lubbers T, Savelkoul PH, Wesseling G, van der Palen JA, Bouvy ND. Applying the electronic nose for pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 screening. Surgical endoscopy. 2020 Dec 2:1-8.</span></div><div><br /><div><br /></div></div>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-462505685135314085.post-49701874107341420842020-11-04T12:53:00.007-08:002020-11-11T15:19:45.297-08:00New Paper Reveals Insights into Bacteria that Live on Your Skin and in Your Gut<p>What do MEBO (metabolic body odor), PATM ("People are Allergic to ME" condition) and TMAU (trimethylaminuria) have in common - beside the obvious: airborne substances that make people feel uncomfortable? New paper published in JMIR Dermatology - <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508/">Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and PATM Conditions</a> - demonstrates: it's microorganisms that live on the skin and can be also present in the gut. The results of a clinical trial reported in this paper showed that the same microbes can modulate severity of odor or allergic reactions in others independently of genetics and trimethylamine metabolism. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim66pQRQgSlG1iK_f9JBezlvN-bqpCqHt1hmBPcj41taPbN4IZUd5rL7M2RV0sdp-lY_zpl7heeQ83iaFh3ybhnm75_yR42wdA8pl7-TM_ODUYbGbeIyhf0ZUDUKjVT13hIQZ0msEc_P7J/s2048/JDERM-Nov4.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="MEBO paper in JMIR Dermatology" border="0" data-original-height="1372" data-original-width="2048" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim66pQRQgSlG1iK_f9JBezlvN-bqpCqHt1hmBPcj41taPbN4IZUd5rL7M2RV0sdp-lY_zpl7heeQ83iaFh3ybhnm75_yR42wdA8pl7-TM_ODUYbGbeIyhf0ZUDUKjVT13hIQZ0msEc_P7J/w320-h214/JDERM-Nov4.png" title="MEBO paper" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>Researchers long suspected that there was a link between gut and skin health. Recent studies have confirmed it for a number of inflammatory skin diseases - such as psoriasis, rosacea, acne and atopic dermatitis. Microbes have been also suggested as targets for treating TMAU, a disorder that causes the body to constantly emit foul odor - from the skin, the mouth and the nose - via skin or fecal microbiome transplantation, antibiotics and probiotics. However, existing treatments are too broad, can lead to other health problems and lack understanding of precise targets and mechanisms. </p><p>The paper shows that MEBO and PATM conditions don't always arise because of the decrease in microbial diversity. About half of the people might be lacking in microbial richness, but another half has too many different bacterial species to handle. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXttQGiZt4v74hvfp57TSWXwwb4KUbgxqCatOCHuwBKp7W3xJRII6mZZ80JLAvmZ8ljJpLTEFi5T8psBbAHRx2-l7jzWEddXvFa5OPvbDZ3rLEFzHgI73P5Vtc41fLXbHp-a-n_QoaCOA/s1000/VectorsMeboIDs.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXttQGiZt4v74hvfp57TSWXwwb4KUbgxqCatOCHuwBKp7W3xJRII6mZZ80JLAvmZ8ljJpLTEFi5T8psBbAHRx2-l7jzWEddXvFa5OPvbDZ3rLEFzHgI73P5Vtc41fLXbHp-a-n_QoaCOA/s320/VectorsMeboIDs.png" width="320" /></a></div><p>The figure shows results of 22 study volunteers that were able to observe both flare-ups and improvements in their condition. The Y axis shows changes in microbial diversity vs abundances of selected bacterial species (X axis) for 12 female and 10 male participants. The arrows are labeled with 3 or 4 digits - the last digits of MEBO ID. Beginning of the arrow shows participants' microbial diversity and proportion of skin microbes in the gut during flare-ups, the end of the arrow points to improvements. As this figure shows, the only exceptions to the conclusion that the fewer cutaneous bacteria in the gut, the fewer skin emanations were 1214, 1287 and 1307. All of them observed very minor if not negligible (and easy to misinterpret) improvement of their condition (flare-ups happening from “all the time” to “most of the time”). 1214 was seen by a professional dermatologist, who concluded that a diagnosis of bromhidrosis didn’t seem warranted. 1307 had undergone a Botox procedure to treat hyperhidrosis, but was still experiencing symptoms (and, from our results, large fluctuations in odorous skin bacteria). 1287 did not report any skin odors and noted only halitosis. </p><p>Read the paper to learn more and stay tuned for more details as they develop.</p><p><br /></p><p>REFERENCE</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Gabashvili IS Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights From a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial</div><div>JMIR Dermatol 2020;3(1):e10508</div><div>URL: <a href="https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508">https://derma.jmir.org/2020/1/e10508</a></div><div>DOI: 10.2196/10508</div><p><br /></p><p></p>Aurametrixhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09473714823289213681noreply@blogger.com1